<p>The Andrew McNally House in Altadena, California was the home of Andrew McNally , co-founder and president of the Rand McNally publishing company. The Queen Anne Style house is listed in the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>McNally was an Irish immigrant who worked as a printer. When he came to the United States, he first worked for the Chicago Tribune when he met William Rand. Together they formed the company that bears their names. In 1880, McNally took his fortune and family and moved west They lived for a time in Pasadena, California before building their mansion in Altadena in 1887. The mansion is located on East Mariposa Street at Santa Rosa Avenue. McNally was a booster of the life in Altadena, and he convinced his friends to move here as well. They also built mansions along Mariposa, which soon began to be known locally as "Millionaire&#39;s Row".</p><br>
<p>McNally paid Pasadena architect Frederick Roehrig $15,000 to design the Victorian house. Facing south, away from the street, the house offered vistas of the Los Angeles Basin, the Pacific Ocean, and Santa Catalina Island. The house has a three-story rotunda that allows a view to the San Gabriel Mountains to the north. McNally also built a private rail spur from Altadena Junction to his property to store his private railroad car. The grounds were lavishly landscaped, with an aviary along Mariposa St. His gardener also looked after the deodar cedars that grew along Santa Rosa Avenue. These trees became Christmas Tree Lane, which is also listed in the National Register.</p><br>
<p>In 1904, McNally caught pneumonia while en route to his Windemere Ranch in La Mirada, California. (The ranch headquarters is also listed in the National Register.) He died shortly afterward. The gardens and aviary were neglected, some of the birds escaped. The property was then subdivided.</p><br>
<p>The Black Mountains, a mid-Miocene formation, in Nevada are a series of rugged, arid rocky volcanic mountains ranging in elevations to 3310 ft. The range lies on the north shore of Lake Mead, at the southwest corner of the Overton Arm, about 25 mi south of Overton, Nevada.</p><br>
<p>The Black Mountains are mostly within the Lake Mead National Recreation Area, with a small valley bordering north, the Bitter Spring Valley at the southeast of the arid Muddy Mountains</p><br>
<p>Deep canyons and washes that flow southeast into the Overton Arm of Lake Mead cut into the mountain range. The range contains deposits of soft manganese oxides/hydroxides.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Armijo Route of the Old Spanish National Historic Trail ran down the Virgin Valley-Overton Arm section of the valleys now occupied by Lake Mead. The trail descended the Colorado from the mouth of the Virgin River, avoided Boulder Canyon, at the southwest of the Black Mountains, where the range is separated from the Black Mountains in Arizona. The trail heading west to Las Vegas Wash, entered the mountains, went southwest of Pyramid Peak to Pinto Valley, and then skirted Hamblin Mountain to the south, with Pinto and Razorback Ridges north; past Cottonwood Spring. North of those ridges lies the small, but broad, arid drainage valley, Bitter Springs Valley, which is southeast of, and adjacent the Muddy Mountains. The trail passes the southern third of the mountain range on the west, making the circuit around Hamblin Mountain and descending Callville Wash. The southwestern end of the Black Mountain range, is now at Callville Bay. At the time of the Old Spanish Trail the trail led to the bottom land valley along the Colorado River below the mouth of Boulder Canyon, that headed towards Las Vegas Wash.</p><br>
<h2>Access</h2><br>
<p>The northwest, and north of the mountains can be accessed by the paved route, North Shore Road, from Nevada State Route 564, Henderson, Nevada, about 30-mi to the south-southwest.</p><br>
<p>Carska Bara , meaning Imperial Pond, is the largest individual bog in Serbia, located in the municipality of Zrenjanin. It is part of the major nature reserve, officially &#39;Special Nature Reserve "Carska Bara" .</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>Carska Bara is located 17 kilometers south of the town of Zrenjanin, in the west-central part of the Serbian section of Banat, near the mouth of the river Begej into the Tisa. The southern border is bounded by the final, navigable section of the Begej before it empties into the Tisa (followed by the Belgrade-Zrenjanin road), while to the north are the vast Ečka fishponds, the largest in Serbia. Entire bog belongs to the municipality of Zrenjanin.</p><br>
<h2>Settlements and human history</h2><br>
<p>Even though it is located in the triangle of large cities Belgrade-Novi Sad-Zrenjanin (largest cities in Serbia, Vojvodina and Serbian Banat, respectively), all settlements in the vicinity of Carska bara are smaller ones, ranging from 1,500 to 6,000 inhabitants. The closest settlements are Perlez, in southern corner, on the Begej, and Belo Blato, east of the bog, on the southern shore of Ečka fishpond. In the north are the villages of Lukino Selo, Ečka and Stajićevo, while Knićanin is southwest of it. Town of Titel is right across the bridge on the Tisa. Gallery of the painting colony of "Ečka" is located on the northern tip of the bog.</p><br>
<p>Human history in the area surrounding Carska bara goes back to 4,000 years BC, with uncovered mounds near Mužlja (Batka) and Titel (Kalvarija). According to legend, the bog (carska bara, Serbian for "imperial bog"), was named after Attila, king of the Huns, but other sources claim that the bog was named that way because of the Austrian emperors which used to hunt in the area.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The entire, physically connected wetland of Carska Bara covers an area of 11 square kilometers and the entire system consists of three smaller, connected ponds (Carska, Perleska and Tiganjica). It extends for 8 to 9 kilometers along the Begej (approximately from Begejs 4th to 15th kilometer). Wetland consists of many smaller bodies of water: rivers, canals, lakes and ponds, covered with reed beds, willow thickets and rushes and it is known for its color diversity. The central, lake section is known for its blue, clear water, while the surrounding salt marshes have white and yellow waters, all within green woods. Previously, Carska Bara consisted of smaller and larger swamps, but in time it basically turned into a complex of Begejs meanders which are naturally getting shortened and narrowed and the bog gets more and more inclined compared to the river bed.</p><br>
<h2>Biology</h2><br>
<h3>Flora</h3><br>
<p>Many rare and autochthonous plants live in the wetland, but also many imported ones. Some representatives of the water plants include water fern, white water lilly and water farina. Meadow plants are represented by Plumbago, Achillea, wormwood, mallow and meadow sage and marsh plants by flowering rush, yellow flag iris, water mannagrass and common sweet flag, etc.</p><br>
<p>Altogether, there are some 500 plant species registered in the reserve, including rare or protected species, like yellow pheasants eye, St Johns wort, Orchis and buttercup. The colonies of old willow groves are preserved, so as the forests of the black poplar and narrow-leafed ash. There are rare specimens of pedunculate oak.</p><br>
<h3>Fauna</h3><br>
<p>In Carska Bara and nearby Begej river there are 24 different species of fish. Amphibians (fire salamander, edible frog) and reptiles (sand lizard, European pond terrapin) are also abundant. Despite being a marshland, in Carska bara there is a noticeable absence of mosquitos which local biologists attribute to the large number of frogs.</p><br>
<p>Carska Bara is the best known for its abundant bird life and the first ornithological exploration began in the late 19th century. There are 240 bird species which live in the area. There are colonies of herons and cormorants (including pygmy cormorant), and other species include buzzards, Eurasian sparrowhawks, common spoonbills, western marsh harrier, Montagu&#39;s harrier, red-breasted goose, osprey, wild goose, stork, woodcock etc.</p><br>
<p>Herons are considered the most important for the ecosystem. They nest in large colonies which are periodically moved from one locality within the reserve to another, based on the abundance of fish and its successful spawning. The number of herons vary greatly from season to season. By the late 20th century, their number differed from several hundred nests to over 10,000. Some 50,000 greater white-fronted geese spend December-January each year in Carska Bara on their voyage from Siberia to the South Europe. Other birds include swans, white-tailed eagles, ferruginous ducks, 8 species of herons, gulls and pelicans, while the cormorant colonies have 3,000 members. It is suggested that such a large number of birds actually prevents the bog from freezing during the winter.</p><br>
<p>Variety of mammals include otters, European ground squirrel, wildcats, bank vole and also wild hog, roe deer, red fox, European brown hare, muskrat, bats, hedgehog, mole, weasel, hamster, European polecat, etc.</p><br>
<h2>Nature Reserve</h2><br>
<p>Special Nature Reserve "Carska Bara" was proclaimed in 1955, with status being revised in 1995. It covers an area of 16.76 square kilometers, wider than Carska Bara itself. It was declared a Ramsar site on March 25, 1996.</p><br>
<p>Fish farm „Еčka“ was appointed by Decree of the government of Republic of Serbia to act as an administrator and manager of Special Nature Reserve „Carska bara“ („Official Gazette RS” No 56/94, 86/05 and 46/2011).</p><br>
<p>Condition of the reserve gradually worsened since 2001. Fish farm "Еčka" was privatized and sold to the "Mirotin" company from Vrbas, and the maintenance of the reserve stopped almost immediately. Additionally, the fish ponds of "Еčka“ extends directly to the north from the Carska Bara and are considered the greatest polluters of the bog. City of Zrenjanin formed a special ecological institute "Natural reserves" and since 2014 has been asking the state government to change the decision on the reserves management, claiming that it is not logical that the greatest polluter administers the reserve, that Vojvodinas provincial government provided funds for the dredging of the canals but that hasnt been done and that managers of the company openly stated that they have neither the experts nor the interest to work on the preservation of the bog. In August 2017 the touristic cruise by the boat on the bog was suspended as the canals got filled with silt, due to the lack of maintenance, which prevents the navigation. "Еčka" disputed the claims, alleging that they take care of the reserve, maintain it properly and feed the pond with the fresh water from their fish ponds and pumping it from the Tisza, which is some 25 km to the west. They also claim that the boating is temporarily closed due to the low water level caused by the big drought of 2017. Local environmentalists maintain that the drought is not the only reason. They claim that fishpond, though obliged by the law, doesnt monitor the oscillations of the water. In spring, the fishpond should fill the Carska Bara with the fresh water, allowing for the spawning to occur, but they don&#39;t do that. However, during fall, they discharge the polluted wastewater into the pond. By this, they reduce the spawning, block the natural fluctuation of the water and fills the pond with mud. That way, the delicate flora and fauna change quickly, rapidly dying out.</p><br>
<p>Møllergata 19 is an address in Oslo, Norway where the city&#39;s main police station and jail was located. The address gained notoriety during the German occupation from 1940 to 1945, when the Nazi security police kept its headquarters here. This is also where Vidkun Quisling in 1945 surrendered to the legitimate Norwegian government and was imprisoned.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Although the site was owned by the city government since the 17th century, it was not until 1857 that the city of Kristiania decided to put the site to use as a center for law enforcement. Based on the drawings by Jacob Wilhelm Nordan, construction for the complex started in 1862 and was finished in 1866.</p><br>
<p>Facing Youngstorget (which then was called Nytorvet), was the police station and courtrooms; behind these was the jail. A floor was added in the late 1870s. Though some of the capacity was moved to a new prison in Åkebergveien (known as "Bayern"), the structure continued to serve as a prison and central police station until the new police building at Grønlandsleiret was finished. The prison was demolished and replaced with a new office building, and the police station was taken over by the government.</p><br>
<h2>World War II</h2><br>
<p>Immediately upon arriving in Norway, the German army commandeered Møllergata 19 for its own purposes, and the first prisoners were British subjects suspected of being clandestine agents, arrested on 10 April. The following day, a Norwegian was also detained for showing contempt for the German forces. By August, the prison was solely used for prisoners arrested by the Nazi authorities. The official capacity was 145 prisoners, but the Germans kept up to 550 at a time. Prisoners held here were often subject to interrogation and torture at Victoria Terrasse.</p><br>
<p>The F. Julius LeMoyne House is a historic house museum at 49 East Maiden Street in Washington, Pennsylvania. Built in 1812, it was the home of Dr. Francis Julius LeMoyne , an antislavery activist who used it as a stop on the Underground Railroad. LeMoyne also assisted in the education of freed slaves after the American Civil War, founding the historically black LeMoyne–Owen College in Memphis, Tennessee. His house, now operated as a museum by the local historical society, was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1997. It is designated as a historic public landmark by the Washington County History & Landmarks Foundation.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The LeMoyne House is located near the center of Washington, on the north side of East Maiden Street (United States Route 40) east of Shaefer Avenue. It is a three-story stone house built in the Greek Revival style. The front features two doorways, to allow for private and professional uses, and two entrance porticoes, one with columns and the other with pilasters. Long, narrow attic windows were added at a later date.</p><br>
<p>The house was built in 1812 by Dr. John LeMoyne, a French immigrant. His son, Dr. Francis Julius LeMoyne, lived here for most of his life, and also practiced medicine. In 1834, LeMoyne became active in the abolitionist movement, speaking and organizing on behalf of political solutions ot the problem of slavery. Although he was not a radical firebrand in the mold of William Lloyd Garrison, LeMoyne was a regional director of antislavery societies until about 1850. He is well documented to have sheltered fugitive slaves here (and assisted them in other ways) in the years prior to the passage of the Fugitive Slave Act in 1850, activities that likely continued but are much less well documented afterward. LeMoyne&#39;s socially progressive politics included support for establishment of the local library, the endowment of two professorships at Washington & Jefferson College, and the establishment of LeMoyne College (now LeMoyne–Owen College) in Memphis, Tennessee.</p><br>
<p>LeMoynes house was given to the Washington Historical Society in the 1930s by his daughter. It undertook to restore the building to a state similar to that during LeMoynes lifetime, and now operates it as a historic house museum, offering guided tours year round. The house contains period artifacts and is dedicated to the memory of Dr. LeMoyne. In 1953, the Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission installed a historical marker noting the historic importance of the house. It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1997.</p><br>
<p>The Lukens Historic District encompasses four properties in Coatesville, Pennsylvania associated with the 19th and early 20th-century history of the Lukens Steel Company and the family of Rebecca Lukens . Lukens was the first woman to head a major industrial firm in the United States, and played a leading role in the development of the American steel industry. The district was designated a National Historic Landmark District in 1994.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The company that became Lukens Steel was established as an iron foundry north of Coatesville by Isaac Pennock, the father of Rebecca Lukens. Rebecca Pennock Webb received a fairly traditional education for women of the early 19th century, and married Dr. Charles Lukens in 1813. Her husband assisted her father in running the business, but both died about a year apart in 1824 and 1825, leaving Rebecca in charge of the business. Although she was engaged in litigation over her ability to fully own the business (a rarity for women of the period), she succeeded, eventually retiring from the business in 1850 and leaving it in the hands of her children. In the records she left behind is evidence of her full knowledge of the operations and finances of the business, and her involvement in its management process, even when men were sometimes the principal actors.</p><br>
<p>The legacy of Rebecca Lukens is represented in Coatesville by four properties, located on South First Street south of Lincoln Highway. Brandywine, the family homestead where she was raised and lived throughout her life, is at its core a Georgian colonial stone building, which was enlarged both by the family, and by later commercial uses of the Lukens Steel Company. Terracina is a fine example of a Carpenter Gothic country house in the style promoted by Andrew Jackson Downing; it was built by Rebecca Lukens as a gift for her son on the occasion of his marriage. Graystone was built in 1899 by Abram Huston, Lukens&#39; grandson; it is a high-quality example of Tudor Revival design, and until recently housed the offices of the borough of Coatesville. Finally, the Lukens Main Office Building, located across the street from the three houses, is a prominent local example of Georgian Colonial Revival architecture; both it and Graystone were designed by the noted architectural firm of Cope & Stewardson.</p><br>
<p>Brandywine Mansion from East.JPGBrandywine Manor</p><br>
<p>Graystone Lukens HD.JPGGraystone</p><br>
<p>Lukens Exec Offices.JPGLukens Main Office Building</p><br>
<p>Lukens 10 engine.JPGThe Lukens #10 steam locomotive located near the Main Office Building</p><br>
<p>Avlonari  is a village and a community  of the Municipality</p><br>
<p>Kymi-Aliveri, in the eastern part of the Aegean island of Euboea, Greece. It was the seat of the municipality of Avlon, Ancient Aulon (hence the name; has homonyms), a former bishopric which remains a Latin Catholic titular see.</p><br>
<p>In 2011 its population was 637 for the village and 1,354 for the community, which includes the villages Chania, Dafni, Elaia and Lofiskos. Avlonari is situated on a hillside, 13 km northeast of Aliveri, 15 km south of Kymi, Greece and 47 km east of Chalcis.</p><br>
<h2>Population</h2><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Aulon, the ancient name of the town, appears in the Notitiae Episcopatuum, commencing with that of Byzantine Emperor Leo VI the Wise (886-912), as a Christian bishopric, a suffragan of the metropolitan see of Athens, in the sway of the Patriarchate of Constantinople. No names of its first-millennium bishops are known.</p><br>
<p>After what is termed the Fourth Crusade (1202–04), Euboea was captured by Crusaders, establishing Italian baronies (initially Lombard, later on Venetian control) and Aulon became a diocese of the Latin Church. A Greek, Teodoros, was appointed, but destituted by the Metropolitan Latin Archdiocese of Athens, for refusing to receive his consecration according to the Latin rite; Pope Innocent III restored him after obtaining his liturgical submission (December 1208). yet a papal letter from July 1210 already mentions "bishop-elect", plausibly to replace the troublesome Greek Theodore, whom Innocent III addressed two more letters in 1211.</p><br>
<p>About 1234, the Latin Diocese of Negroponte obtained the union of al Latin sees on Euboea; this remained disputed between Aulon and Negroponte for several years.</p><br>
<p>During the Venetian rule of Euboea (15th century), twelve 50 m tall towers were built northeast and north of Avlonari to protect the village from raiders.</p><br>
<h2>Titular see</h2><br>
<p>No longer a residential bishopric, this Aulon is today listed by the Catholic Church as a titular bishopric, being distinguished from an Adriatic diocese Aulon by using for the Euboean Aulon the Latin adjective Aulonensis, while the Latin adjective regarding the other Aulon in Epirus (modern Vlore, in Albania) is Aulonitanus.</p><br>
<p>The diocese was nominally restored in 1933 as Latin Catholic titular bishopric.</p><br>
<p>It is vacant, having had the following incumbents, so far of the fitting Episcopal (lowest) rank :</p><br>
<p>Tomás Juan Carlos Solari (1943.08.23 – 1948.09.20) as Auxiliary Bishop of Buenos Aires (Argentina) (1943.08.23 – 1948.09.20); later Metropolitan Archbishop of La Plata (Argentina) (1948.09.20 – death 1954.05.13)</p><br>
<p>Manuel Tato (1948.11.13 – 1961.07.11) as Auxiliary Bishop of Buenos Aires (Argentina) (1948.11.13 – 1961.07.11); later Bishop of Santiago del Estero (Argentina) (1961.07.11 – death 1980.08.12)</p><br>
<p>Manuel Augusto Cárdenas (1962.04.07 – death 1998.07.28), first as Auxiliary Bishop of Buenos Aires (1962.04.07 – 1975.04.22), then as Auxiliary Bishop of Argentina of the Eastern Rite (1975.11.11 – 1992.02.11), finally on emeritate.</p><br>
<p>Portage Park is a 36 acre park in the Portage Park community area of Chicago, Illinois on the National Register of Historic Places. The park stretches from Irving Park Road on the south to Berteau Avenue between Central and Long Avenues. The largest public park on Chicago&#39;s Northwest Side, it has many recreational facilities including six tennis courts, two playgrounds, a slab for in-line skating, a bike path, a nature walk, five baseball fields, two combination football/soccer fields and two fieldhouses— one housing a gymnasium and the other a cultural arts building. The park also has an Olympic-size pool featuring a large deck for sunning, misting sprays, as well as an interactive water play area with slide and diving boards in addition to a smaller heated pool. Plans are currently underway for the development of a new, 6,500 ft&sup2; senior center at Portage Park.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Portage Park was not only the site that gave the area its name, it created the neighborhood by bringing together what had been several distinct communities that were populated by a slew of diverse ethnicities. The park came into being in 1913 when area residents formed an independent park board called the Old Portage Park District. The name of the new park district is a reference to the route that ran along what is today Irving Park Road that had once been used by Native Americans and fur traders to portage their canoes between the Des Plaines and Chicago Rivers.</p><br>
<p>The original plan for Portage Park was drawn up by American Park Builders Company who were also responsible for the initial construction that took place between 1913 and 1917. The park design included a naturalistic swimming lagoon, which opened to the public in July, 1916. A fieldhouse and gymnasium were added in the 1920s, designed by Clarence Hatzfeld, whose architectural firm of Hatzfeld and Knox would later design many of the Prairie and Craftsman-style bungalows in the nearby Villa District by historic St Wenceslaus Church. Portage Park quickly became the center of the community, providing athletics and team sports, cultural and club activities, festivities and special events for residents of Chicago&#39;s Northwest Side.</p><br>
<p>The park in Portage Park originally had a dirt bottom pond that blended into a cement bottom pool. The hill to the east of the pool that exists now, was the dirt that was removed when the pool was first created when the park was first established. The pond portion of the pool extended to the western edge of this hill.</p><br>
<p>In 1934, the city&#39;s 22 independent park commissions were consolidated into the Chicago Park District, and the new agency soon secured federal funds through the Works Progress Administration. WPA improvements at Portage Park included additional plantings, stonework fountains and gateways, and a comfort station. WPA workers also removed the original swimming lagoon and constructed a kidney-shaped concrete pool. The WPA was very involved in the creation of the long gone Rock House at the south end of Portage Park. This Rock House had another small pond area that had goldfish and flower basins, with the water in it kept at a substantial depth to support the fish over winter. This goldfish pond was later filled as a result of the polio epidemic in the 1940s, although the flower planters to the north and east of the main entrance off Central at Irving Park Road will give an idea of just what this Rock House looked like. There were seats throughout the half circle structure of flagstone. Except for the overhead wooden canopy, every where you looked there was white flagstone - walls, seats, floor, support pillars. The Chicago Park District has WPA photos of the structure. The park predates all of the buildings that surround it.</p><br>
<p>In 1959, the park district replaced the concrete pool with an Olympic-sized pool in preparation for hosting the Pan American Games. In 1972, Portage Park hosted the USA Olympic swimming trials, where Gold Medalist Mark Spitz set new world&#39;s records. In 1998, the swimming pools and plaza area were rehabilitated while an interactive water play area was created for children.</p><br>
<p>The Merion Friends Meeting House is an active and historic Quaker meeting house at 615 Montgomery Avenue in Merion Station, Pennsylvania. Completed about 1715, it is the second oldest Friends meeting house in the United States , with distinctively Welsh architectural features that distinguish it from later meeting houses. It is home to the Merion monthly meeting. The meeting house was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1999.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Merion Friends Meeting House is located in the village of Merion Station, a neighborhood in Lower Merion Township, on the north side of Montgomery Avenue and Haverford Avenue. It is a 1-1/2 story structure, built out of locally quarried stone covered in plaster. It is laid out in a T shape, and is covered by a cross-gabled roof. Its main facade is three bays wide, with a center entrance sheltered by a gabled porch. The flanking windows, as well as that in the gable above are topped by segmented-arch lintels. The front gable and both side gables have pent roof sections. The principal rafters supporting the roof are bent, a unique adaptation of a medieval Welsh construction technique to the building. The property also includes a burial ground, estimated to have more than 2,000 burials (many of which are unmarked in accordance with early Quaker custom).</p><br>
<p>The meeting was founded by the first known group of Welsh settlers in the Americas, who arrived in 1682. Construction of the meeting house was begun in about 1695, and was completed around 1715. The building does not follow what are now considered standard norms for Quaker meeting houses. Prior to the 1689 Act of Toleration, which allowed Quakers to worship openly and freely in England and its colonies, Quakers traditionally met either in the open, or in houses or barns, and had no settled architecture to satisfy the organizational needs of their congregations, which call for sex-segregated business meetings. The Welsh-infused architecture of this building stands as a memorial to the early experimental period of meeting house design.</p><br>
<p>The Matthew S. Quay House is a historic house at 205 College Avenue in Beaver, Pennsylvania. Built sometime after the American Civil War, it was from 1874 until his death the home of Matthew Stanley Quay , a United States Senator and one of the most influential political party bosses of the late 19th century. His house was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1975. It is now the location of the J.T. Anderson Funeral Home.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Matthew S. Quay House is south of Beaver&#39;s downtown, at the northwest corner of College Avenue and 2nd Street. It is a 2-1/2 story masonry structure, built of painted brick and covered by a hip roof. A single-story porch extends across the front facade, supported by brick columns. Both the porch and main roof have eaves with carved wooden brackets. The roof on each side is pierced by hip-roofed dormers. There is a small ell projecting to the north (right), and a longer one to the rear, the latter a probable alteration by Matthew Stanley Quay.</p><br>
<p>The house was probably built not long after the American Civil War, and was purchased by Quay in 1874. It would remain his primary residence until his death in 1904. Quay was trained as a lawyer and served in the Union Army during the war, winning a Medal of Honor for action in the Battle of Fredericksburg. He first became involved in politics in the 1850s, becoming a potent leader of the Republican Party in western Pennsylvania. He joined with the political machine of Simon Cameron, and eventually gained full control of the state party apparatus, which won him election to the USA Senate in 1887. In 1888 he chaired the presidential campaign of Benjamin Harrison, the most expensive presidential campaign up to then. Quay was open about patronage politics, which Harrison snubbed after winning the office. Quay worked against Harrison&#39;s renomination in 1892, with Harrison losing the general election to Grover Cleveland. Quay was reported to resort to bribery and dirty tricks in his activities, particularly in the 1888 race.</p><br>
<p>The Niesen is a mountain peak of the Bernese Alps in the Canton of Bern, Switzerland. The summit of the mountain is 2,362 m in elevation.</p><br>
<p>It overlooks Lake Thun, in the Bernese Oberland region, and forms the northern end of a ridge that stretches north from the Albristhorn and Mannliflue, separating the Simmental and Kandertal valleys.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Administratively, the summit is shared between the municipalities of Reichenbach im Kandertal to the southeast, and Wimmis to the west and north. Both municipalities are in the canton of Bern.</p><br>
<p>The summit can be reached easily by using the Niesenbahn funicular from Mülenen (near Reichenbach). The construction of the funicular was completed in 1910.</p><br>
<p>Alongside the funicular is the longest stairway in the world, with 11,674 steps. It is only open to the public once a year for a stair run event.</p><br>
<p>The literal translation of the German word Niesen is sneeze. Because of its shape, the Niesen is often called the Swiss Pyramid. The Niesen may have influenced some modernist paintings by Paul Klee, in which an abstracted pyramidal form is seen.</p><br>
<p>The George Taylor House, also known as George Taylor Mansion, was the home of George Taylor, a signer of the Declaration of Independence.</p><br>
<p>The home, which is located in Catasauqua, Lehigh County, Pennsylvania, was built by Taylor in 1768. It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1971.</p><br>
<h2>The house's first owners</h2><br>
<p>The George Taylor Houses first three owners were men of substantial means, who played notable roles locally and nationally in events leading up to the nations founding.</p><br>
<h3>George Taylor, 1768–76</h3><br>
<p>George Taylor was born in northern Ireland in 1716 and immigrated to the American colonies in 1736. Starting as an Indentured laborer, he built a successful career as an ironmaster in Pennsylvania, first at Warwick Furnace and Coventry Forge in Chester County and later at Durham Furnace in Bucks County.</p><br>
<p>In 1767, Taylor purchased a 331 acre estate in Biery&#39;s Port (now part of Catasauqua) for £700. On this expansive property overlooking the Lehigh River, he built what was then one of the finest homes in the region, the house now named for him. Shortly after the Taylors moved in, his wife Ann died.</p><br>
<p>Taylor first entered the public arena in the late 1750s as a justice of the peace, a judicial post that was important in colonial times, when travel to the county courthouse was difficult. He was subsequently elected to the Pennsylvania Provincial Assembly, representing Northampton County from 1764-69.</p><br>
<p>Four months before joining the Congress, Taylor sold his Bierys Port property to John Benezet of Philadelphia. The next year, in March 1777, Taylor was named to Pennsylvanias new Supreme Executive Council, a 12-member body that acted in the capacity of governor. In ill health, he resigned from the council after just a few months, ending his public career. Taylor remained active in iron making over the next three years, but retired to Easton in 1780. Less than a year later, on February 23, 1781, he died at the age of 65.</p><br>
<h3>John Benezet, 1776–82</h3><br>
<p>John Benezet was a native of Philadelphia and the son of Daniel Benezet, a prominent Philadelphia merchant. Benezet briefly attended the College of Philadelphia in 1757 and was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 1768. In 1775, he married Hanna Bingham, and with that, his father gave him £3,000 plus £6,000 in stock to set up an import business. On March 27, 1776, Benezet purchased George Taylor&#39;s estate for £1,800.</p><br>
<p>Benezet, like Taylor, became active in political affairs, but only briefly. In early 1775, he served as one of the secretaries who recorded proceedings at the Pennsylvania Provincial Congress, a meeting Taylor also attended. In August of that year, he was named to Philadelphia&#39;s Committee of Correspondence.</p><br>
<p>Two years later, in 1777, the Continental Congress appointed Benezet as Commissioner of Claims in the Treasury Office. However, he resigned in 1778 and returned to his business interests. Benezet died in the winter of 1780-81, when his ship, the Shillelagh, was lost at sea during a voyage to France.</p><br>
<h3>David Deshler, 1782–96</h3><br>
<p>In 1782, Benezets widow sold the Bierys Port estate to David Deshler for the same amount her husband had paid six years before.</p><br>
<p>When David Deshler purchased Taylors former house, he was living in Northampton Town (now Allentown) in what was then part of Northampton County. Deshler built Northampton Towns first house in 1762, the year of the towns founding. Initially, he operated a store and tavern here, but later started a saw mill and grist mill, Northampton Towns first industries. By the mid-1770s, he was one of the region&#39;s wealthiest men.</p><br>
<p>In 1774, Deshler was appointed to the countys Committee of Observation, and in 1776, he was elected to the Pennsylvania Provincial Assembly, where he served with George Taylor. During the Revolutionary War, Deshlers properties in Northampton Town were used to produce munitions and manufacture, repair and store materials for the Continental Army. In 1777, the Assembly appointed him one of four "sub-lieutenants" in charge of the county&#39;s military preparations. Deshler, who held the rank of colonel in the militia, was named a Commissioner of Purchases in February 1778, Assistant Forage Master in April 1780 and Assistant Commissary of Purchases in July 1780.</p><br>
<p>The war ended in 1783, and the next year Deshler was re-elected to the Provincial Assembly as a representative of Northampton County. In 1787, he served as a delegate to the state convention that ratified the federal Constitution. After completing his final term in the Assembly in 1788, he retired from public service. Deshler lived out his days at Biery&#39;s Port, where he died at the age of 62 on December 24, 1796.</p><br>
<h2>National Historic Landmark</h2><br>
<p>During the 1800s, George Taylor&#39;s former house passed through various hands and was eventually acquired by Wahneta Silk Company, which built a mill in front of the house around 1890. Meanwhile, the property was left to deteriorate for many years. In 1945, the Lehigh County Historical Society rescued the house, raising funds from its members for the acquisition and repairs.</p><br>
<p>On July 17, 1971, the George Taylor House was registered as a National Historic Landmark. After a fire destroyed the former silk mill (then a furniture factory) in 1982, the society purchased the property and extended the front lawn to provide a park-like setting for the historic site.</p><br>
<p>In 2008, the society proposed selling the house to the Borough of Catasauqua for $250,000, stating "We believe that they can do much more with the site than we can. We believe the highest and best use of the property is with the good people of Catasauqua because it can be used for so many community type events."</p><br>
<p>On May 5, 2013, as part of the Lehigh County Bicentennial celebration, a monument, designed by Jirair Youssefian of Vitetta Architects & Engineers, was unveiled during a ceremony held on the front lawn of the house. The monument will serve as the base for a future statue of George Taylor, which is currently in the planning stages.</p><br>
<p>Old West is the first building of the campus of Dickinson College in Carlisle, Pennsylvania. It was designed by Benjamin Henry Latrobe in 1803 and completed in 1822, and is a fine example of Federal period architecture. It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1962 for its architecture and its association with Latrobe.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The construction of Old West, known then as New College, was authorized and began in 1798. The effort was in response to the complaints that students could not live at the College. On June 20, 1799, the first cornerstone was laid by John Keen of Carpenters Co., Philadelphia. While in construction in 1803, however, the brick portion of West College burnt down. In an attempt to rebuild a building that would be compatible with that of Princeton University, Judge Brackenridge went to Philadelphia to consult Benjamin Latrobe, who had remodeled Princeton&#39;s Nassau Hall and had completed extensive design work on the Capitol Building in Washington, D.C.</p><br>
<p>Latrobe was a willing contributor to the new design of West College. In a letter dated May 18, 1803, a copy of which may be seen in the Dickinson archives, Benjamin Henry Latrobe replies to Judge Brackenridge&#39;s request for drawings in great detail. Latrobe addresses the aspect of weather in Carlisle because of the extreme temperatures and amounts of moisture it acquires annually in the winter months. He explains that his design of the building allows for optimum light absorption through the windows and explains that the stone provides adequate shielding from the strong, crisp wind. The attention to stone as a weather-proof material was to have a lasting effect.</p><br>
<p>Today, Old West houses the presidential and other administrative offices. Memorial Hall in particular is the home of various distinguished speakers, cultural symposiums, and mass every Sunday night.</p><br>
<p>It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1962.</p><br>
<p>The Searights Tollhouse of the National Road is a historic toll house on United States Route 40, the former route of the historic National Road, north of Uniontown, Pennsylvania. Built in 1835, it is one of two surviving tollhouses  built by the state of Pennsylvania to collect tolls along the portion of the road that passed through that state. It has been restored by the state and is now maintained by the local historical society. It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1964.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Searights Tollhouse is located about 5 mi northwest of Uniontown, and stands on the west side of US 40 north of its junction with Dearth Road. It is a brick building whose most prominent feature is a two-story octagonal tower about 20 ft tall, capped by an octagonal roof and small octagonal cap. A single-story porch extends around about three-quarters of the tower, and there are two single-story single-room wings extending to the north and west. The building was designed so that the tollkeeper had good views of the road in both directions, and was originally fitted with a swinging gate that would block the road.</p><br>
<p>The portion of the National Road that passes through Pennsylvania was built between 1811 and 1818, and was one of the first public works projects of the federal government. The road greatly improved travel times between the Cumberland, Maryland, and Wheeling, West Virginia, and the Pennsylvania stretch in particular benefited from economic development along its route. In 1835 the federal government turned control over the road to the state. In order to maintain the roadway, the state instituted tolls, building six tollhouses along its route. This one was built near the tavern of William Searight, the state commissioner in charge of the roadway. Tolls were collected on the road until the 1870s, after which the tollhouse was abandoned. It was restored by the state, and now stands as a historic marker along the road.</p><br>
<p>Summerseat, also known as the George Clymer House and Thomas Barclay House, is a historic house museum at Hillcrest and Legion Avenues in Morrisville, Bucks County, Pennsylvania. Built about 1770, it is the only house known to be owned by two signers of the United States Declaration of Independence, George Clymer and Robert Morris, and as a headquarters of General George Washington during the American Revolutionary War. The house is now managed by the Morrisville Historical Society, which offers tours. It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1965.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Summerseat is located west of the central business district of Morrisville, sharing a property with the Reiter Elementary School at the junction of Hillcrest and Legion Avenues. It is a 2-1/2 story masonry structure, built out of a combination of brick and stone. Its front and sides are brick, while the rear wall is stone. The main facade faces east, and is five bays wide, with a center entrance framed by pilasters and a fully pedimented gable. The interior follows a traditional center-hall plan, with four rooms on each floor. The interior retains some original features, despite having had non-residential uses.</p><br>
<p>The house was built about 1770 for Thomas Barclay, and was his house at the end of 1776, when George Washington occupied it as a military headquarters during the dark days of the New York and New Jersey campaign of the American Revolutionary War. After the war the house was purchased by Robert Morris, a signer of the Declaration of Independence, and the principal financier of the war effort. Morris fell upon financial hard times owing to failed real estate speculation, and sold the house in 1806 to George Clymer, another signer of the Declaration. It is Clymer who named the property "Summerseat", and it was his home until his death in 1813.</p><br>
<p>The house was restored in 1931 and converted for use as a school administrative building in 1935. Summerseat is now owned and operated as a house museum by the Historic Morrisville Society. The house is open to the public for tours on the first Saturday of each month from 10:00 a.m. to 2:00 p.m. Admission is free.</p><br>
<p>The Stiegel-Coleman House, also known as Elizabeth Farms, is a historic mansion house at 2121 Furnace Hills Pike , just north of Brickerville, Pennsylvania. Built in 1757 and substantially enlarged in 1780, it was the home of two of colonial Pennsylvania&#39;s early iron and glass makers, William Stiegel and Robert Coleman. The furnace they operated, whose archaeological remains were rediscovered in 2004, was one of the most successful in the Thirteen Colonies, and provided war materials for Continental Army. Their house was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1966. It has remained in the hands of Coleman descendants, mostly as a private residence.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Stiegel-Coleman House stands on 85 acre of mostly woodland, on the east side of Furnace Hills Pike just north of the Pennsylvania Turnpike and the village of Brickerville. The house is a multi-winged structure, built primarily out of local stone. The original core of the house is a two-story gabled structure, to which a northward-extending long wing was added, in which both residential and business operations related to the nearby iron furnace were conducted. A tall decorative cupola is mounted on the wing&#39;s roof ridge. The core structure was built about 1756-58 by William Stiegel. Attached at an offset on its south side is a two-story gabled structure whose exterior has been finished in plaster.</p><br>
<p>The property was first developed industrially in 1750 by John Jacob Huber, a German immigrant and ironmaster. Hubers daughter married William Stiegel, also a German immigrant, and it is Stiegel who built the oldest portion of the house now standing. In addition to making iron, Stiegel also established a glassworks here, which he later moved to Manheim. The property was later acquired by Irish immigrant Robert Coleman. Coleman arrived in North America in 1764, and rapidly rose to control several important ironworks in eastern Pennsylvania, including Hopewell Furnace, Speedwell Forge, and Cornwall Furnace. He apparently began to lease Stiegels furnace around the time of the American Revolutionary War, and eventually purchased it outright. His management of the ironworks benefited from providing cannons for the war effort, and he died as one of the nation&#39;s early millionaires.</p><br>
<p>The Printzhof, located in Governor Printz Park in Essington, Pennsylvania, was the home of Johan Björnsson Printz, governor of New Sweden.</p><br>
<p>In 1643, Johan Printz moved his capital from Fort Christina (located in what is now Wilmington, Delaware) to Tinicum Island. At that time Fort Gothenburg was established in addition to Printz’s dwelling and headquarters. Two years later a fire swept over the newly established settlement. The Printzhof was reconstructed more solidly and lavishly. The two-story log structure contained lumber sent from Sweden, glass windows and lavish draperies.</p><br>
<p>Johan Björnsson Printz, his wife and younger children returned to Sweden during 1653. The Dutch West India Company subsequently captured the Swedish colony in 1655. Armegott Printz, the eldest daughter of Governor Printz, had married his successor, Lt. Johan Papegoja. She remained at The Printzhof even after the Dutch conquest. During 1662, she sold the estate for a partial down payment with the remainder due when she reached The Netherlands. When payment was refused, she returned to reclaim possession of her property. Ten years later in 1672, the Governor and Council ruled Armegott Printz should be in possession of the property. She subsequently sold the estate a second time and returned to Sweden where she died on November 25, 1695 at Läckö Castle.</p><br>
<p>Today, the Printzhof’s stone foundations are the only remains of the settlement. The Printzhof site is located near the intersection of Taylor Avenue and Second Street in Essington, Pennsylvania. The site was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1961.</p><br>
<p>Laramie Peak Is the highest and most prominent peak in the Laramie Range of Wyoming. With a peak elevation of 10,276 ft, it is the only peak in the Laramie Range to exceed an elevation of 10,000 ft. It can be seen from great distances from both sides of the Laramie Range including from around 100 miles  away at the top of the Scotts Bluff National Monument in Nebraska and in the Wyoming towns of Wheatland, Douglas, Rock River, and immediately outside the cities of Laramie and Cheyenne.</p><br>
<h2>Name</h2><br>
<p>The mountain was named for Jacques La Ramee, a French-Canadian fur trader who lived in the area in the 1820s and who was found dead at the Laramie River.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Laramie Peak was an important landmark for the settlers on the Oregon Trail and the Mormon Trail. After reaching Scotts Bluff the top of the hill was visible at the horizon. For more than one week the hill guided the people on the track and signal the end of the relatively flat part of the way, reaching the Rocky Mountains</p><br>
<p>Mark Twain wrote 1871 in his book Roughing It about the hill: "We passed Fort Laramie in the night, and on the seventh morning out we found ourselves in the Black Hills, with Laramie Peak at our elbow (apparently) looming vast and solitary -- a deep, dark, rich indigo blue in hue, so portentously did the old colossus frown under his beetling brows of storm-cloud. He was thirty or forty miles away, in reality, but he only seemed removed a little beyond the low ridge at our right."</p><br>
<h2>Usage</h2><br>
<p>A trail starting at the Friend Park Campground leads over a distance of about 5 Miles to the top of the hill. It rises from 7200 feet elevation to 10200 feet. On top, several antennas, containers for transmitters and a helicopter platform are installed.</p><br>
<p>Pulpit Rocks is a geological formation adjacent to Pike Road  northwest of Huntingdon in Huntingdon County, Pennsylvania. These weathered rock formations were instrumental in the determination of the stratigraphy of the Appalachian Mountains in the mid-19th century by the Pennsylvania Geological Survey. This work was influential in opening up new fields of geological research. The site was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1993. It is partially owned by Juniata College, whose geology department uses the site for educational purposes. A plaque marks its location.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Pulpit Rocks are located along Warrior Ridge, a formation located between Huntingdon and Alexandria in the central Pennsylvania Appalachians. They are located on the north side of Pike Road, an old alignment of US 22 which now runs further south. The rock formations are essentially weathered pillars, about 50 ft in height, that are isolated from one another by about 10 ft, spaces wide enough for a human to pass through. At the time research on this formation was first published in 1858, the accompanying watercolor painting (pictured here) was described as an accurate rendition of their state. The rocks are formed out of what is called Oriskany sandstone, and rest upon layers of limestone. The stone was laid down about 390 million years ago, when the area was covered by an inland sea, and have been eroding slowly ever since.</p><br>
<p>Pennsylvanias Geological Survey was established in 1836, with its survey work conducted between 1836 and 1842. The Huntingdon area was one of the first to be surveyed, and John Frazer, one of the geologists on the survey team, realized that the geology of this area strongly suggested that conventional wisdom about its structure was incorrect. The prevailing belief at the time was that there were single layers of sandstone and conglomerate underlying the ridges. In this area, in particular around the Pulpit Rocks, it was clear that there were in fact multiple layers of sandstone, separated from one another by thick layers of other types of rock. This realizaton immediately illuminated findings of surveys in neighboring New York and Virginia as to the structure of the mountain formations in those states. The Pennsylvania Geological Surveys first major report, published in 1858, featured the watercolor pictured here, highlighting the formation&#39;s importance in furthering the understanding of Appalachian (and more broadly all mountain) geology.</p><br>
<p>Woodville, also known as the Neville House or John Neville House, is a house on Washington Pike  south of Heidelberg, Pennsylvania. It is significant for its association with John Neville, a tax collector whose other house was burned in the Whiskey Rebellion in 1794. The oldest portion of the house dates to 1775, with a main section built a decade later. It is one of the oldest houses in Allegheny County, preserved and restored to its original condition.</p><br>
<p>For those reasons, it was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1983. After being significantly renovated by an early 19th-century resident, it remained a private house until 1975. Today it is a historic house museum.</p><br>
<h2>Building</h2><br>
<p>The house is located on a one-acre (4,000 m²) lot on the west side of the highway. There is a small gravel parking lot on the south side, with a hedge to buffer it from some modern commercial buildings. The west and north sides border on woodlands.</p><br>
<p>Woodville is a one-and-a-half-story frame house with moderately pitched gable roof pierced by four dormer windows and two brick chimneys at either end. A full veranda stretches across the east (front) elevation, and a one-story kitchen wing projects from the south, with a small garden next to it.</p><br>
<p>Inside, the house follows a center-hall plan. The stairway rises from the hall to the upstairs bedrooms. A large living room occupies the north side of the first story; a dining room and another smaller room are on the north. The kitchen is located in the wing; slaves slept in the garret above it. All the interior rooms have been restored to their original furnishing.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Neville came to the region in 1774 from Winchester, Virginia, shortly after buying 14,000 acre five miles (8 km) south of Fort Pitt, located at the forks of the Ohio in what is today downtown Pittsburgh. He took command of the fort on behalf of the Colony of Virginia the next year, and served in that capacity until Edward Hand relieved him in 1777.</p><br>
<p>In 1783 Neville retired shortly after reaching the rank of brigadier general. Three years later, the name "Woodville" was used on the land patent, and was mentioned in a report in the Pittsburgh Gazette when his sister-in-law was married at the house. He built another home, Bower Hill, and let his son Presley live in Woodville. During the 1780s he continued his public career, serving in several posts, including as representative to the Pennsylvania Constitutional Convention in 1787.</p><br>
<p>He was named federal revenue inspector for a district comprising Allegheny, Bedford, Washington and Westmoreland counties. This put him in the position of collecting the excise tax on whiskey imposed at Alexander Hamiltons suggestion to pay off the states war debts. Since it favored large producers over small farmers, it was unpopular with many of the farmers of Western Pennsylvania, who often had no other way of getting their grain to market. In the early 1790s this led to the Whiskey Rebellion. Farmers marched on Woodville in 1794. Neville and his servants fought them off, but were unable to protect Bower Hill from being burned down despite reinforcements by soldiers from Fort Fayette. Fort Lafayette (Pennsylvania) George Washington eventually sent in the Army to put the rebellion down, an occurrence seen as the first test of federal authority under the newly adopted Constitution.</p><br>
<p>Four years later, an assessment for the Direct Tax of 1798 shows the house at its present dimensions. Thomas Jones, probably an overseer or caretaker, is listed as the resident. In 1814, it was sold to Stephen Barlow, a director of the Bank of the United States, for $12,000 ($ in contemporary dollars). He, in turn, sold it two years later to Christopher Cowan at a $2,000 profit.</p><br>
<p>Over the next decade, Cowan significantly renovated the house. He added a shed to the north wall and extended the south wall seven feet (2.3 m) to connect the house and the kitchen. Some effects of this can still be seen in the house today. On the outside, it was painted white and the porch added to the east side. A storehouse was also built.</p><br>
<p>His daughter inherited the house when he died in 1835. Members of the Cowan family continued to live there for almost a century and a half. They made some changes to the exterior, such as repainting it brown and then yellow, and adding some Victorian Gothic touches like the porch latticework and the lancet windows on some of the dormers. A married couple that lived in the house during the mid-20th century had modern heating and plumbing installed.</p><br>
<p>In 1975, shortly after it was first listed on the National Register of Historic Places, the last Cowan descendants moved out. The house had already become the property of the Pittsburgh History and Landmarks Foundation, which began operating it as a historic house museum. It became a National Historic Landmark in 1983.</p><br>
<p>In the early 21st century it was transferred to another not-for-profit, Neville House Associates, a smaller organization which is focused only on Woodville. NHA oversaw restorations that included painting the house white again and bringing in an early 19th-century pianoforte similar to the one Cowan had bought.</p><br>
<p>It is a stop on the American Whiskey Trail.</p><br>
<p>The Confederate Monument in Georgetown is within the Georgetown Cemetery of Georgetown, Kentucky. It is an unpolished granite obelisk that is twenty feet tall, surrounded by the graves of eighteen former Confederate soldiers. The various reliefs upon the obelisk include crossed cannons, crossed muskets, a drum, and flags. It was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on July 17, 1997 as part of the Civil War Monuments of Kentucky Multiple Property Submission.</p><br>
<p>The dedication of the monument took place in June 1888. The Ladies Monument Association, in association with the women of Scott County, Kentucky, was responsible for the attainment of the funds necessary to erect the monument. They had eighteen fallen Confederates, from graves around the county, reinterred around the monument, in a manner similar to other such monuments in Kentucky. Two of these were victims of Stephen G. Burbridge&#39;s Order 59, which called for the murder of four Confederate prisoners of war whenever one Union civilian was killed. The dedication was presided by Dr. John A. Lewis, with a parade preceding the dedication containing thousands from around the state of Kentucky.</p><br>
<p>Scott County had provided 1,000 troops for the Confederacy, while only providing 118 men to the Union Army. George Johnson, the first of two Confederate governors of Kentucky, is also buried within the cemetery. He fell due to a stray bullet at the Battle of Shiloh.</p><br>
<p>The Georgetown Cemetery, while not on the National Register itself, is nevertheless historic, noted for its Victorian era monuments. It was established in 1850, but its 31 acre were finalized in 1860. There are many graves which date back prior to this time; they were moved to the cemetery after its foundation. Aside from the aforementioned George Johnson, two other Kentucky governors, Joseph Desha and James F. Robinson, are buried within the cemetery.</p><br>
<p>The Bethlehem Waterworks, also known as the Old Waterworks or 1762 Waterworks, are believed to be the oldest pump-powered public water supply in what is now the United States. The pumphouse, which includes original and replica equipment, is located in the Colonial Industrial Quarter of downtown Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, between Monocacy Creek and Main Street. It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1981.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Bethlehem Waterworks building is located in the floodplain of Monocacy Creek below the historic center of Bethlehem. It is a 2-1/2 story building, built out of limestone rubble, that is about 24 ft square and covered by a red tile roof. It is set over an otherwise open holding pit, which was originally fed by a wood-lined trench from a nearby spring. There are doors on three sides, one of which is at a higher elevation owing to the sloping terrain; it provides access to a storage area on the upper level, while the other two provide access to the mechanisms on the inside. The machinery includes a replica waterwheel, reproduced from the original specifications, which were preserved. The wheel was originally turned by water supplied from the creek, and provided the power needed to move water up to the settlement above.</p><br>
<p>Bethlehem was settled in 1741, as the first of a number of Moravian communities in North America. The earliest portions of this water supply date to 1755, with the pumphouse constructed in 1762. The wheel powered cast-iron pumps that forced water through pipes (originally wooden, later lead) up the hillside, where it was stored in cisterns throughout the town. Johann Christopher Christensen, the engineer who built it, was probably familiar with similar pump systems found in German cities since the 16th century. His system was imperfect, with overpressure bursting wooden pipes and other problems.</p><br>
<p>The system is believed to be the first pump-powered water supply to be implemented in what is now the United States. The town of Boston, Massachusetts had a municipal water supply as early as 1652, but it was purely powered by gravity.</p><br>
<p>The General Friedrich Von Steuben Headquarters is a historic house on Pennsylvania Route 23 in Valley Forge National Historical Park in Chester County, Pennsylvania. Built about 1770, it has been advanced as a possible residence of Baron Friedrich von Steuben , the Prussian drill-master of Continental Army troops during the 1777-78 Valley Forge encampment. The house, which is a partial reconstruction, was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1972.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Von Steuben Headquarters House is located near the western edge of Valley Forge National Historical Park, on the north side of Pennsylvania Route 23, just east of the Valley Forge Post Office. A large parking area within the park boundary separates the two buildings. The house is a 2-1/2 story stone structure, with a gabled roof and three chimneys. The main facade is four bays wide, with the main entrance in the center-right bay. A pent roof separates the first and second floors of the main facade. The interior of the house is a reconstruction of a period 18th-century interior.</p><br>
<p>The house was built about 1770 for James White. Between February and June 1778 Baron Friedrich von Steuben, a Prussian military officer who offered his services to the American cause, was resident at Valley Forge, and may have lived in this building during at least part of that time. Von Steuben was responsible not only for drilling the troops encamped at Valley Forge, but also developed a manual of military practices that the United States Army used until 1814.</p><br>
<p>The house declined over the next 150 years, and was made part of Valley Forge State Park. The state restored the building in 1965 after its interior was gutted by fire, and served as a visitors center. It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1972 for its claimed association with von Steuben. The park was given to the people of the United States by the state of Pennsylvania in 1976.</p><br>
<p>The buildings exact use is a matter of some dispute among a variety of authorities, including the National Park Service. Its association with von Steuben was disputed during the 1950s and 1960s, and the restoration of its interior conducted by the state in 1966 was later questioned by the Park Service. Documentary evidence suggests the building was used as a camp hospital for at least part of the encampment period. The building now stands vacant, and serves as part of the parks historic landscape.</p><br>
<p>The M. Carey Thomas Library, named after Bryn Mawr&#39;s first Dean and second President, is a college library in Bryn Mawr College, Pennsylvania. It was in use as a library until 1970, when the Mariam Coffin Canaday Library opened. Today, it is primarily a space for performances, readings, lectures, and public gatherings.</p><br>
<h2>History and description</h2><br>
<p>It is now called College Hall among the students and faculty. The Great Hall, the reading room of the old library, was designed by Walter Cope (of Cope and Stewardson) in 1901 and built by Stewardson and Jamieson in 1907. M. Carey Thomas played a large part in its planning, particularly by taking photographs and doing architectural research on the librarys University of Oxford inspirations, and by helping the librarys construction survive many hardships, such as Copes death and financial troubles. Built with ashlar gray stone and lined with coffered oak paneling, the Great Hall was inspired by the dining hall at Wadham College, Oxford and features a king post truss ceiling painted by Lockwood de Forest with geometric renaissance patterns that continue down the wall, ending with tulip-bordered corbels situated between large, arch-shaped lead-paned windows, which flood the space with light. The tracery of the windows is also modeled after Wadham Colleges dining hall, albeit without Wadham&#39;s stained glass. This area was renovated and conserved by Voith & Mactavish Architects LLP. Carey Thomas asked Cope specifically not to "copy the interior plan at any other college, as it was a plan worked out by us at Bryn Mawr for us own individual needs and so far as he and I knew absolutely unique."</p><br>
<p>The Great Hall was once the home of an Athena Lemnia statue (damaged in 1997) that is now located in a high alcove in the Rhys Carpenter Art and Archaeology Library. A plaster cast of that Athena now stands in her place at the Great Hall.</p><br>
<p>The library encloses a large open courtyard called "The Cloisters", which is the site of the Colleges traditional Lantern Night ceremony. The cremated remains of M. Carey Thomas and Emmy Noether are in the courtyard cloister. According to her 1985 graduation address, alumna Katharine Hepburn used to go skinny dipping in the Cloisters fountain. A popular tradition is for undergraduates to skinny dip before graduating, and conveniently the fountain contains chlorinated water.</p><br>
<p>The building was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1991.</p><br>
<p>Ellinochori  is a village in the northeastern part of the Evros regional unit in Greece. Ellinochori is part of the municipality of Didymoteicho. It is situated on the left bank of the river Erythropotamos, northwest of the centre of Didymoteicho. In 2011 its population was 593 for the village and 1,373 for the community, including the villages Lagos and Thyrea.</p><br>
<h2>Population</h2><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The village was founded by the Ottoman Turks and named after its mostly Bulgarian population. It was ceded to Bulgaria in 1915 along with the rest of the lower Evros (Maritsa) valley, but following the 1919 Treaty of Neuilly it became part of Greece. As a result its Bulgarian and Turkish population was exchanged with Greek refugees, mainly from today&#39;s Turkey.</p><br>
<h2>People</h2><br>
<p>Michalos Garoudis (b. 1940)</p><br>
<p>Panagiotis Goutzimisis (b. 1941)</p><br>
<p>Hilda M. Willing is a relatively small Chesapeake Bay skipjack, built in 1905 at Oriole, Maryland, and declared a National Historic Landmark in 1994.</p><br>
<p>The Willing is particularly noteworthy as an example of a small skipjack with good sailing qualities. Her home port is Chance, Maryland.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Hilda M. Willing was built in 1905 at Oriole, Maryland on the Manokin River off Tangier Sound, in Somerset County, Maryland. Her home port was Crisfield, Maryland. In 1926 her owner was Samuel L. Laird of Oriole. Laird sold her to Thornton Webster of Wenona in 1927, who sold her on to Roland Bozman of Wenona in 1929. Bozman sold the Willing to R.E. Hoffman, and she was resold to Addie M. Jones by 1941. She was owned by T. Rayner Graham in 1943, who abandoned her in Annapolis. She was purchased for $400 by Leslie Pope of Oxford, Maryland who moved her to Cambridge, Maryland, then sold her to Robert F. "Pete" Sweitzer in 1947 for $1600. Sweitzer owned the Willing into the 1990s and did much of the repair and maintenance work on her himself.</p><br>
<p>Sweitzer altered the Willing to suit technological advances. He was the first to use an automobile engine instead of the then-common one-cylinder Hettinger engines to operate the dredge gear. The installation of this engine meant that the skipjack&#39;s freeboard could be raised 8 in for better stability, as the power assist made the low freeboard of pre-1930 skipjacks less necessary. Sweitzer lengthened the boomdeepened the centerboard and added a small skeg to the keel. He also took the traditional extreme rake out of the mast, making it vertical.</p><br>
<p>In November 2011, Hilda M. Willing was brought home to the Eastern Shore of Maryland and is currently an active dredgeboat under Capt. David Whitelock - www.skipjackpreservation.org.</p><br>
<p>Willing&#39;s sailing qualities are among the best in the skipjack fleet. It is stated that she is the only skipjack that can come about without the use of the centerboad, and that she can dredge in strong winds without a jib.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Willing is 40 ft long, 14 ft wide and draws 3.08 ft. She has a traditional clipper bow-shaped cutwater in a sharp, but convex bow, and a square transom. She carries a pushblock for a pushboat to allow her to dredge in light airs. The kinbg plank runs from the bow past the mast, but stops short of the main hatch. Following a second, smaller hatch, a small doghouse is set on the deck to provide low headroom in what would otherwise be a very low cabin, 2.5 ft high. A box at the stern contains the hydraulic steering gear installed by Sweitzer to replace the original patent gear. Davits for the pushboat hang over the transom.</p><br>
<p>The Willing is rigged with a jib-headed mainsail, or leg-of-mutton, with a single large jib. She carries dredges on each side with a shared motor.</p><br>
<p>The Castletown River is a river which flows through the town of Dundalk, County Louth, Ireland. It rises near Newtownhamilton, County Armagh, Northern Ireland, and is known as the Creggan River in its upper reaches. Its two main tributaries are the Kilcurry and Falmore rivers and it enters the Irish Sea at Dundalk Bay on the east coast of Ireland. The Castletown River flows in at the northwest corner of Dundalk Bay creating a deep channel through the intertidal zone. It is routinely dredged for navigation purposes for the deep water port of Dundalk.</p><br>
<h2>Angling</h2><br>
<p>The river features wild brown trout, sea trout and salmon and is also stocked with brown trout. Fishing is controlled by the Dundalk Brown Trout Angling Association. The best of the salmon and sea trout fishing is to be found downstream of Toberona bridge just outside Dundalk.</p><br>
<p>St. Thomas Episcopal Church is an historic Episcopal church located at 5 Hale Street in Dover, New Hampshire, in the United States. Founded in 1839, its building, designed by English architect Henry Vaughan, is an important example of his work, and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>St. Thomas Episcopal Church was organized on September 22, 1839, and in 1840 built a Carpenter Gothic church on the corner of Central Avenue and St. Thomas Street next to the William Hale House. In the late 1880s, the city of Dover took the land of both the church and the Hale House by eminent domain to build a new City Hall. The church was demolished in 1891 and the Hale House was moved to the other side of Hale Street.</p><br>
<p>The church bought a lot next to the relocated Hale House and, in 1890, hired noted architect Henry Vaughan to design a new church in the Gothic Revival, or English Perpendicular, style. Construction began in 1891 and the first service was held the next year. The church was not consecrated though until September 17, 1916. In 1901, the church bought the William Hale House, which was also later listed on the National Register of Historic Places. On June 7, 1984, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>St. Thomas Episcopal Church is still an active parish in the Seacoast Deanery of the Episcopal Diocese of New Hampshire. The Rev. Susan E. Garrity was called to be the rector on July 29, 2010 and accepted the call.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>St. Thomas is located in downtown Dover, on the south side of Hale Street, across from Dover City Hall. It is basically rectangular in footprint, with a square tower rising at the northwest corner, and slightly projecting transepts. The tower has an outside circular turret which houses its spiral staircase. The tower has angled buttresses at the corners, and the main church body&#39;s side windows are also articulated by buttressing. It is covered by a gabled roof supported by heavy wooden trusses in a kingpost form. The interior retains original woodwork and plaster; its gas chandeliers have been replaced by electric lighting. At the back (south side), it is joined by a modern parish hall to the William Hale House, which stands just to its east.</p><br>
<p>The William Aiken House and Associated Railroad Structures make up a National Historic Landmark District in Charleston, South Carolina, that contains structures of South Carolina Canal and Rail Road Company and the home of the company&#39;s founder, William Aiken. These structures make up one of the largest collection of surviving pre-Civil War railroad depot facilities in the United States. The district was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1963.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The historic district has three distinct sections. The main section is bounded by Mary, King, Meeting, and John Streets, north of Charlestons historic downtown area, and includes the Aiken House, surviving elements of the main railroad depot, and associated warehouses. A second, smaller area is located on the north side of Line Street, between King and Meeting Streets, where the companys railroad car repair and refurbishing facility was located. These two areas are joined by the former railroad right-of-way, which is still readily discernible in most of the blocks between them.</p><br>
<p>The Aiken House is located at the corner of King and Ann Streets on the west side of the main section. It is an 1807 Federal Adamesque wood frame house, two stories high, with a two-story porch extending across its southern facade. It is where the South Carolina Canal and Rail Road Company was founded in 1827, with William Aiken, an Irish immigrant, as its first president. Construction of the railroad line took place between 1830 and 1833, marred by the death of Aiken when horses drawing his carriage were frightened by construction-related noises, overturning it, and also by the explosion of the Best Friend of Charleston, the first American-made steam locomotive. When it began operation, it had the greatest length of track (136 mi) in the world under single management.</p><br>
<p>There are two principal depot buildings in the district. The "Camden Depot" stands on John Street, and the "Tower Depot", now little more than a pair of crenellated towers, stands on Mary Street. These two buildings were completed in 1850, and in the area between, two warehouses were built in the following decade. The depots and one of the warehouses are architecturally distinguished by their Gothic Revival features, which are not frequently found on railroad infrastructure. The Tower Depot, which was the railroad&#39;s original passenger depot, was only used until 1853, when a through depot was built near Line Street. In 1857 the large brick Italianate car shop was built adjacent to the main railroad line just north of Line Street.</p><br>
<h2>Contributing buildings</h2><br>
<p>William Aiken House, built in 1807. An octagonal wing added in 1831 but damaged in 1886 earthquake, and certain woodwork was removed in 1931. A servants wing is unchanged.</p><br>
<p>A coach house at the back of gardens on the William Aiken House property</p><br>
<p>Camden Depot, a railroad depot</p><br>
<p>Deans Warehouse, built in 1856</p><br>
<p>South Carolina Railroad Warehouse</p><br>
<p>Tower Passenger Depot</p><br>
<p>Line Street Car and Carpenter Shops</p><br>
<p>Railroad Right-of-Way</p><br>
<p>"Best Friend of Charleston" Replica, a replica of the first American-made steam locomotive</p><br>
<p>Non-contributing structures in the district include:</p><br>
<p>Hughes Lumber Company Warehouse and Martshink Beer Warehouse</p><br>
<p>Shed housing the "Best Friend of Charleston" replica locomotive</p><br>
<p>Buildings along John Street, King Street and Meeting Street:</p><br>
<p>Chicco Apartment Buildings A and B</p><br>
<p>39-4, 39-B, 39-C John Street</p><br>
<p>41-B, 43, 51 John Street</p><br>
<p>numerous buildings in 424-492 King Street</p><br>
<p>Brick building at Meeting Street and Ann Street</p><br>
<p>Lilienthal&#39;s Stained Glass</p><br>
<p>365-371 Meeting Street</p><br>
<p>All Saints Church is an historic Episcopal church located at 51 Concord Street in Peterborough, New Hampshire, in the United States. On December 1, 1980, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>All Saints Church was organized as a mission in 1904 and became a parish in 1914. In 1912, noted architect Ralph Adams Cram began design work for a church building in the Colonial Revival and Gothic Revival styles. One of his models was St. Mary the Virgin Church in Iffley, Oxfordshire, England. Since Crams commission was from an individual donor, Mary Lyon Cheney Schofield, rather than from a church body, he was not required to make the artistic compromises that might otherwise have been required. The church has been called "one of the most satisfying works of one of Americas more important architects." The stained glass windows were designed by Charles Connick, The first service in the new church was on August 8, 1920.</p><br>
<h2>Current use</h2><br>
<p>All Saints Church is an active parish in the Monadnock Deanery of the Episcopal Diocese of New Hampshire. The Rev. Jamie L. Hamilton is the current rector.</p><br>
<p>Boulevard Park is a historic residential neighborhood located in Midtown Sacramento, California. It is also the Boulevard Park Historic District, listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The Sacramento neighborhood&#39;s official borders are: E Street to the north; J Street to the south; 16th Street to the west; and 24th Street to the east.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The new subdivision of Boulevard Park, the second subdivision after Oak Park but the first within city limits, was originally formed on what was previously the old state fairgrounds and its racetrack. It was in 1905 that the land was sold to developers who converted the fairgrounds and divided the land into three subsections.</p><br>
<p>After World War II, many original homeowners of the subdivision sold their homes and moved into newer suburbs, altering the atmosphere of the neighborhood as some of the new landlords used the homes as boarding houses. Urban renewal in the 1970s reclaimed the Boulevard Park area and homes were restored to their former architectural glory. Many are Historic district contributing properties.</p><br>
<p>Today the subdivision consists of about 300 buildings and it is the largest neighborhood in Sacramento on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Schools</h2><br>
<p>Elementary: Washington Elementary School, 520 18th Street</p><br>
<p>High School: C.K. McClatchy High School, 3066 Highway 160 (Freeport Boulevard)</p><br>
<p>High School: Sacramento High School, 2315 34th Street</p><br>
<h2>Government</h2><br>
<p>Boulevard Park is represented by the following government districts:</p><br>
<p>Sacramento City Council: Sacramento City District 3</p><br>
<p>Sacramento County Board of Supervisors: Sacramento County District 1</p><br>
<p>California State Legislature: 9th Assembly District; 6th Senate District</p><br>
<p>United States House of Representatives:.</p><br>
<p>Qamanirjuaq Lake  is a lake in Kivalliq Region, Nunavut, Canada. It is the first of several named lakes on the eastward flow of the Ferguson River through the eastern barrenlands. The lake is located about 1 mi downstream from Ferguson Lake, and adjacent upstream to Parker Lake South. The Ferguson River passes through a series of rapids before entering the western arm of Qamanirjuaq Lake.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The lake is irregularly shaped with several inlets and unnamed islands, in a permafrost area of north-northwest ice flow, north of the tree line Canadian Arctic explorer, Joseph Burr Tyrrell, described the lake in his Geological Survey of Canada 1894 canoe expedition report:</p><br>
<p>Qamanirjuaq Lake is within the northern Hearne Domain, Western Churchill province of the Churchill craton, northwest section of the Canadian Shield in northern Canada.</p><br>
<p>The Ahimaa Cave (Inuktitut: "are you other?" or "are you other being?"), once inhabited by Inuit, is hollowed out of Qamanirjuaq Lake&#39;s massive cliff.</p><br>
<h2>Qamanirjuaq caribou herd</h2><br>
<p>The calving grounds of the large migratory Qamanirjuaq herd of barren-ground caribou are in the area surrounding Lake Qamanirjuaq, after which they are named. The herd returns annually after travelling an inconsistent, unpredictable 500 mi range through Manitoba/Nunavut, northeastern Saskatchewan, and southeastern Northwest Territories. The herd, a keystone species, has been safeguarded by the Beverly and Qamanirjuaq Caribou Management Board since 1982.</p><br>
<h2>Fish</h2><br>
<p>In the mid 1970s, a fishery was moved from Kaminak Lake (which proved to have unacceptably high levels of Mercury), to Qamanirjuaq Lake which showed no elevated Mercury levels. The lake is filled with lake whitefish and lake trout for commercial fishing, and is also home to Lasallia pensylvanica Arctic lichen, sphagnum, bryophytes, and a few dwarf birch.</p><br>
<p>Walker Pond is a body of water in Sturbridge, Massachusetts, situated off Route 49 on the way to Wells State Park.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The pond took its name from settler Rachael "Walker" Smith, a local resident who raised twelve Italian children there. (The house, since demolished, was called the Perez Walker House in memory of Nathaniel Walker&#39;s grandson, a prominent townsman.) In 1894, the town of Sturbridge voted to rename the pond Tantousque Lake, from an Indian word meaning "located between two breast-shaped hills." The traditional Indian name did not, however, stick.</p><br>
<h2>Fishing</h2><br>
<p>According to a 1980 survey, the pond contains largemouth bass, chain pickerel, yellow perch, white perch, bluegill, pumpkinseed, brown bullhead, white suckers, and golden and bridled shiners. It is a popular place for ice fishing.</p><br>
<p>The former First Church of Christ, Scientist, located at 352 East 300 South  in Salt Lake City, Utah, in the United States is an historic structure that on July 30, 1976, was added to the National Register of Historic Places. After being used for a time by Anthony&#39;s Fine Art and Antiques, the building is once again being used as a church: Iglesia La Luz del Mundo.</p><br>
<h2>National register listing</h2><br>
<p>First Church of Christ Scientist (added 1976 - Building - #76001824)</p><br>
<p>352 E. 3rd South, Salt Lake City</p><br>
<p>Historic Significance: Architecture/Engineering</p><br>
<p>Architect, builder, or engineer: Ware, Walter E.</p><br>
<p>Architectural Style: Other, Romanesque</p><br>
<p>Area of Significance: Architecture</p><br>
<p>Period of Significance: 1875-1899</p><br>
<p>Owner: Private</p><br>
<p>Historic Function: Religion</p><br>
<p>Historic Sub-function: Religious Structure</p><br>
<p>Current Function: Religion</p><br>
<p>Current Sub-function: Religious Structure</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>First Church of Christ, Scientist, was organized on July 17, 1891, and was the first Christian Science church in Utah. The church building, designed by local architect, Walter E. Ware, in the Richardsonian Romanesque style, was built in 1898 of brick and Utah Kyune sandstone. After being completely paid for, it was dedicated on November 27, 1898.</p><br>
<h2>Current use</h2><br>
<p>First Church of Christ, Scientist, is no longer listed as a Christian Science Church in the Christian Science Journal. After being used for a time by Anthony&#39;s Fine Art and Antiques, the building is once again being used as a church: Iglesia La Luz del Mundo.</p><br>
<p>The Railway Exchange Building in Muskogee, Oklahoma is one of five skyscraper buildings, ranging from five to ten stories tall, built before 1912 and is listed in the National Register of Historic Places as part of the Pre-Depression Muskogee Skyscrapers Thematic Resources study. The others are:</p><br>
<p>Baltimore Hotel,</p><br>
<p>Manhattan Building,</p><br>
<p>Severs Hotel, and</p><br>
<p>Surety Building.</p><br>
<p>This building is located at the corner of Second and Court Streets in downtown Muskogee.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>This building shares certain characteristics with the others listed above. Its architecture represents the Chicago School of architectural design:</p><br>
<p>It has a rectangular shape</p><br>
<p>It is flat roofed</p><br>
<p>It has a two story base with large display windows</p><br>
<p>Upper story windows are arranged in vertical bands, separated by pilaster-styled mullions</p><br>
<p>Red brick and masonry appear throughout the building.</p><br>
<h2>Notable tenants</h2><br>
<p>The 8-story Railway Exchange Building was built to house railway company offices. Later, it was used for offices of Muskogee County, Oklahoma. By February 1983, when the application for listing on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) was submitted, it was owned by the State of Oklahoma, which used it as an office building. It also housed Connors State College before the school moved to Northeastern State University’s Muskogee campus on Shawnee Bypass. A news article in 2012 indicated that the building had been vacated in December 2011.</p><br>
<h2>Status</h2><br>
<p>Plans to renovate this historic building for another purpose have been put on indefinite hold in 2016, because the state has discontinued making such grants for such renovations due to its budget shortfall.</p><br>
<p>The Severs Hotel in Muskogee, Oklahoma is one of five skyscraper buildings, ranging from five to ten stories tall, built in 1910-1912 and included in the Pre-Depression Muskogee Skyscrapers Thematic Resources study. The others are:</p><br>
<p>Baltimore Hotel,</p><br>
<p>Manhattan Building,</p><br>
<p>Railroad Exchange Building, and</p><br>
<p>Surety Building.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Frederick B. Severs (1835-1912) built the 10-story hotel in downtown Muskogee early in the 20th Century. He was a wealthy Muskogean whose house had previously occupied the land where the hotel that was named for him was built. Construction actually began in 1911. Sadly, Severs did not live to see his hotel completed, since he died April 12, 1912. The grand opening was held on August 31, 1912. In October of that year, the renowned actress Sarah Bernhard stayed at the Severs while she performed in a play, "Queen Elizabeth." Muskogee&#39;s Rotary Club chapter, chartered in November, 1913, met each Thursday at the Severs. In 1922, an exhibition major league baseball game between the New York Yankees and the Brooklyn Dodgers was played at Athletic Park in Muskogee. The Yankees chose to stay at the Severs Hotel because it was within walking distance of the ball park.</p><br>
<h2>Design and construction</h2><br>
<p>This building was designed and constructed by Mariner & La Beaume, an architectural firm of St. Louis. The architectural style is Sullivanesque. Its foundation, columns, beams and slabs are of reinforced concrete. The building also has a basement. The exterior walls are covered with three layers of red brick, totaling 12 in thickness. The building has a decorative metal cornice that is 4 feet high and has a 3 foot overhang.</p><br>
<p>After it opened, the Severs Hotel was considered the finest hotel in the Southwestern United States. It had 216 rooms, 146 of which had private bathrooms, rather uncommon at that time. Among its amenities was a chilled water plant that circulated ice water to all of the rooms. The kitchen had an electric refrigeration system, also considered unique at that time and place.</p><br>
<p>The Surety Building in Muskogee, Oklahoma is an eight story skyscraper built for the Southern Surety Company in 1910.</p><br>
<p>It is one of five skyscraper buildings, ranging from five to ten stories tall, built in 1910-1912 and included in the Pre-Depression Muskogee Skyscrapers Thematic Resources study. The others are:</p><br>
<p>Baltimore Hotel,</p><br>
<p>Manhattan Building,</p><br>
<p>Railroad Exchange Building, and</p><br>
<p>Severs Hotel.</p><br>
<p>It was individually listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.</p><br>
<h2>General description</h2><br>
<p>The Surety Building was constructed in 1910 in downtown Muskogee, at the corner of Broadway and Third Street by the Southern Surety Company. The approximate cost was $325,000. It was the first building in Eastern Oklahoma to be considered a skyscraper. It was used as offices by government officials, attorneys, petroleum companies, and land developers.</p><br>
<p>Although the architect is not known, the building&#39;s style is classed as Sullivanesque Chicago Style. It is a skeleton-framed rectangular structure with a flat roof. It has the characteristics employed by Louis Sullivan, such as elaborate projecting cornices, ornate two-story base and linteled windows with vertical bands.</p><br>
<h2>Conversion to senior-living apartments</h2><br>
<p>The building was converted into affordable apartments designed for senior living. It contains 18 one-bedroom units and 19 two-bedroom units, which went into service in 2006. Funding for the conversion was provided through the Federal Low Income Housing Tax Credit Program.</p><br>
<p>The Bank of Hominy is a building constructed in 1906, two years after the Oklahoma oil boom of 1904. It is one of four small bank buildings built in Richardsonian Romanesque style in Osage County, Oklahoma during 1904-1911. The others are Bank of Burbank, Bank of Bigheart, and Osage Bank of Fairfax.</p><br>
<p>The building is constructed of native sandstone and has two stories. Its footprint is approximately 25 feet by 40 feet. It has a flat roof and a 2 feet high parapet. A masonry inscription on the facade between the first and second floors reads, "The Bank of Hominy." Except for the installation of two large display windows on the ground floor, architectural changes since construction have been minimal.</p><br>
<p>The Bank of Hominy was the only bank in town until it ceased doing business in 1938, during the Great Depression. The building is historically significant because it is the oldest bank building in Hominy and one of the best examples of its architectural style applied to a commercial structure in Osage County, Oklahoma. When the bank closed, Clyde M. Frazier bought the building and turned the ground floor into an auto parts store, which it remained until at least 1984.The second floor has always been used as office space for professionals. The structure was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984.</p><br>
<p>McWhirters is a heritage-listed former department store at Wickham Street, Fortitude Valley, City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It is also known as McWhirters Marketplace, McWhirters & Son Ltd, and Myer . It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<p>It has been redeveloped as a shopping centre and apartment building. The buildings occupy over an acre of land bound by Brunswick, Wickham, and Warner Streets.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The McWhirters department store, comprising 4 adjoining brick buildings of from three to five storeys in height, was erected in four stages on land acquired between 1899 and 1929, by Brisbane draper James McWhirter and the firm of McWhirter & Son Ltd (later McWhirters Ltd).</p><br>
<p>On arrival in Australia in 1878 from Ayrshire, Scotland, James McWhirter worked for merchants DL Brown & Co. before entering into partnership with Mr Duncan Sinclair in a South Brisbane drapery business. After a few years the partnership was dissolved, and McWhirter returned to Brown & Co. before joining Thomas Charles Beirne in his Fortitude Valley drapery business, firstly as manager, then in partnership for about 3 years. McWhirter sold out to Beirne in 1898, and in the same year purchased Michael David Pigotts drapery business, located in leased premises across the road at 292 Brunswick Street. Piggott had been TC Beirnes employer in Ireland, and his former partner in South Brisbane, but moved from Fortitude Valley in 1898 to concentrate on his Toowoomba business established in 1896 (which later relocated into his new purpose-built Pigotts Building). When McWhirter took over Piggotts Brunswick Street business, the new firm of McWhirter and Son, drapers, was established, opening in September 1898 with a staff of 30.</p><br>
<p>James McWhirter was an experienced manager and astute businessman who established his drapery business just as the Queensland economy was recovering from the severe economic depression of the 1890s. Despite the slowing of the economy engendered by the widespread drought of 1900–1902, McWhirter was in a position to capitalise on Queenslands economic boom of the early 20th century, and within three decades the firm he established in 1898 had expanded from a small drapery business to one of Brisbanes largest and most sophisticated department stores, with a principal store occupying over an acre of land bounded by Brunswick, Wickham and Warner Streets, Fortitude Valley, at the well-known Valley Corner.</p><br>
<p>In the early years of the 20th century, Fortitude Valley, centred around the intersection of Wickham and Brunswick Streets (the Valley Corner), became one of the most important shopping centres in Brisbane. This is explained partly by the ready availability of efficient public transport – train from the late 1880s and electric tram from the late 1890s; partly by a rising population in the surrounding suburbs of New Farm, Bowen Hills and Newstead; but most importantly by the healthy spirit of competition between the Valley&#39;s principal retail stores – TC Beirne Department Store, McWhirters, Overells and later the ACB Company and Waltons as well – which attracted customers from all over Brisbane.</p><br>
<p>From its establishment in 1898, McWhirter & Son expanded rapidly. In 1899 McWhirter purchased the allotments at the northeast corner of the busy intersection of Wickham and Brunswick Streets, although these were not occupied by McWhirters for another three decades. In 1902 the firm also acquired land at 48 Warner Street, at the rear of their Brunswick Street shop, and extended the Brunswick Street building the depth of the block between Brunswick and Warner Streets. In 1905 they secured an adjoining allotment in Warner Street, on which they erected another warehouse, which appears to be an extension of the building. In 1905 the firm was registered as a private company, McWhirter & Son Ltd, and by 1907 was listed at 292-298 Brunswick Street, having expanded into several adjacent shops east of the original building. By 1909 the firm employed 270 staff, had established a London office, directly imported many lines, and had developed an extensive mail-order department servicing all parts of rural Queensland, as well as clients in New South Wales, South Australia and British New Guinea. The firm pioneered the free carriage of mail-orders, and attracted a wide custom. The majority of their clientele were women, so besides drapery and a particularly fine millinery department, the firm stocked medicines, perfumes, silks, and home furnishings. The facade of the Brunswick Street building had been remodelled by 1909 with the first arcade front in Brisbane, and the firm&#39;s colourful window displays were a great attraction.</p><br>
<p>Window display in McWhirters to celebrate King George V&#39;s ascension to the throne, 1910</p><br>
<p>In 1910 McWhirter acquired title to four more allotments in Warner Street, and between 1910 and 1914 to the two allotments in Brunswick Street occupied by his first store and adjacent premises to the west. The Warner Street land was situated between McWhirter&#39;s existing 48 Warner Street warehouse and Wickham Street, with long frontages to both streets. Reportedly purchased for £8,000, McWhirter intended to erect on this site, thoroughly modern and well-equipped buildings, such as will meet the requirements of the ever-increasing trade.McWhirter commissioned Brisbane architects Atkinson and McLay to design a substantial, five-storeyed building for this corner, and when completed in 1912, the new building became an immediate Valley landmark, seen for miles around, and dominated the Valley Corner area. Described as a vast emporium on its opening in October 1912 – and subsequently marketed as such by McWhirter – the store was well-appointed in fine materials. Every effort had been made to design the most modern and progressive of department stores, with new devices for the comfort, convenience and prompt attention to customers. On the ground level the extensive street frontages had the latest in island windows with narrow copper mouldings. There were five street entrances, and mosaic tiling and leadlights in the main vestibule. The interior was well-ventilated and well-lighted; fittings were of silky oak throughout; and the ceilings were lined with Wunderlich pressed metal. A sprinkler system was installed for fire prevention, there were three electric elevators for the convenience of customers, and the pneumatic cash tube system was the largest in the state. In an innovative move, hundreds of silky oak display tables permitted customers to browse and inspect goods without being dependent on sales assistants. Other goods were displayed in glass cabinets under glass counters, and there were sliding glass doors to the shelves behind the counters.</p><br>
<p>The grand new store housed over 50 departments. Manchester, fabric, haberdashery, jewellery, travel goods, etc. were located on the ground floor. The first floor, which housed the millinery and women&#39;s clothing departments (including a corset boudoir), was particularly well-appointed. It contained a large circular display room with carpet on the floor, mirrors everywhere, and showcases so arranged as to form little retreats or parlours. On the second floor were furniture, carpets, linoleum, and on the third were crockery, glassware, kitchenware, toys, and for the convenience of customers, a tearoom overlooking the Brisbane River and suburbs. On the top floor were the dressmaking and tailoring workrooms, equipped with revolving pedestals for fittings.</p><br>
<p>Clearly, McWhirters had identified their principal clientele as female, and dedicated the new building to this market. The men&#39;s clothing department had been relegated to the Brunswick Street store, although it did take up most of this building. A new boot department was opened, serving both male and female customers, but this was not located in the 1912 building.</p><br>
<p>McWhirters 1912 store was the one of the first of the big Brisbane department stores – rivals included TC Beirne and Overells in Fortitude Valley, McDonnell & East near Roma Street railway station, and Finneys, Isles & Co and Allan & Stark in Queen Street – to reflect international trends in modern department store retailing. Between 1860 and 1920, the industrialised worlds level of affluence and leisure time increased significantly, and the "art of shopping", once the prerogative of the wives of the wealthy, was adopted eagerly by the wives of the emerging middle classes. By the mid-19th century department stores were evolving worldwide to accommodate the rising numbers of middle class shoppers. The earliest of the grand department stores was Aristide Boucicaults Bon Marche, which opened in Paris in 1852, followed by Macys in New York City in 1860. These provided important models, but in Australia the department store was also the logical extension of the general store or drapery.</p><br>
<p>To complement the refined department store environment, customers (predominantly female) experienced a superior quality of service, the object of which was to make them feel special and confident. Often this entailed an attitude of deference, but more commonly in Australia this developed into cheerful, polite efficiency and promises of honesty and fair dealing. Whichever method was employed, the aim was the same – to encourage spending.</p><br>
<p>McWhirter and Son Ltd were at the cutting edge of department store culture in Brisbane, prospering through the 1910s despite the slowing of the Queensland economy during the First World War. About 1918 a substantial, 4-storeyed brick bulk store was erected in Warner Street opposite McWhirters -1905 warehouse. One floor of this contained a staff dining hall/meeting room. By 1921 McWhirters Motor Garage was operating on the north side of Ballow Street in Fortitude Valley, to house and service the firm&#39;s fleet of delivery vehicles.After the First World War, James McWhirter (senior) decided to visit Britain leaving in March 1919, leaving his son James (Jimmy) McWhirter junior in charge of the business. However, Jimmy McWhirter took a business trip to Melbourne in September 1919 and, while passing through Sydney, he contracted influenza which developed into double pneumonia and he died on 17 September 1919 at the Lister Private Hospital. James McWhirter (senior) returned to Brisbane in December 1919. In 1920 the firm was floated as a public company, McWhirters Ltd, with James McWhirter senior as managing director.</p><br>
<p>Further expansion took place with the acquisition in 1921 of the Brunswick Street allotments between McWhirters existing store and the allotments he had purchased in 1899 at the corner of Wickham and Brunswick Streets. With the exception of a lane off Wickham Street, McWhirter now owned all the allotments between Brunswick and Warner Streets, from Wickham Street east to, and including, his first Brunswick Street store – an area of nearly an acre in the centre of the most popular shopping district in Brisbane. Building commenced in 1922–1923 with the construction of a new four-storeyed store replacing McWhirters original store in Brunswick Street. The building impressed with the wide span between columns, excellent lighting and ventilation, and fast elevators.</p><br>
<p>James McWhirter died in England in 1925, but the firm of McWhirters Ltd continued to grow, paralleling the development of Fortitude Valley as a thriving commercial centre, with its three competing anchor stores of TC Beirne, Overells and McWhirters. By the 1930s, McWhirters had also branched into shirt manufacture, with their own clothing factory in the Valley. The mail order department had remained an important and lucrative aspect of the business, and McWhirters also offered credit and lay-by systems. Part of the success of McWhirters, like other early 20th century department stores in Brisbane, lay also in the value placed by management on employees. By 1931, some of the nearly 800 McWhirter employees had been with the firm over 3 decades, and staff had their own benefit society.</p><br>
<p>In 1929 the company secured title to the lane off Wickham Street beside their 1912 store, and in 1930–31, just as Australia was being caught up in a severe, worldwide economic depression, McWhirters Ltd constructed a four and five-storeyed brick building on the corner of Brunswick and Wickham Streets, linking the facades of their 1912 and 1923 buildings. The steel framed building with reinforced concrete walls and facework in brick and terracotta, was designed by the Brisbane architectural firm of TR Hall and LB Phillips (who also designed the Brisbane City Hall, Shell House, and the Tattersalls Club Members Dining Room). It featured a principal truncated corner, richly decorated in the Art Deco style, which became a landmark advertisement for the store on the busy Valley Corner. The builder was George Alexander Stronach of Brisbane, who tendered with a price of £112,000; the 800 tons of structural steel was manufactured and erected by local firm Evans, Deakin, & Co. Ltd; and Wunderlich supplied the terracotta tiles used on the truncated corner as well as pressed metal and fibrous cement ceilings. McWhirters department store now had a floor space of 6.5 acres.</p><br>
<p>The exterior facades of the 1930–1931 building were designed to replicate those of the 1912 and 1923 buildings, but internally the building reflected new trends in department store presentation. There were no partitions, each floor measuring about 300 ft by 200 ft, with supporting concrete pillars masked by stained wood cabinets. Large twin-elevators were installed and the pneumatic tube system was extended. On the ground level three separate "lock-up" shops fronted Brunswick Street, for businesses which traded after normal (5.30pm closing) store hours.</p><br>
<p>In 1955 the Myer Emporium took over the McWhirters company and eventually renamed the store Myer, operating until 1988 by which time both its rival department stores, T C Beirne (now David Jones) and Waltons, had already closed down. Myer then concentrated its inner-city business in its Queen Street store (the former Allan & Stark Building) in the Brisbane CBD. Fortitude Valley had become much less desirable as a shopping district, due to the declining reputation and quality of the suburb that had begun as far back as the 1970s. Other factors were an increasing dependency on the motor car, and strong competition from suburban shopping centres such as Westfield Chermside.</p><br>
<p>In 1989 the property was redeveloped as McWhirters Marketplace, entailing extensive internal refurbishment.</p><br>
<p>In 1997, it was altered to include apartments on the upper levels.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>McWhirters is centrally located in Fortitude Valley on a site bound by Wickham, Warner and Brunswick Streets. It comprises four adjoining buildings which form a large brick three, four and five-storeyed complex.</p><br>
<p>The building fronting Warner Street (-05, is a three-storeyed pale brick building with a parapeted facade, with two gabled ends facing the street. The facade has arched windows with beige brick voussoirs, keystones, and trim to round windows in the centre of the gables. Internally, the building has an unusual exposed timber roof structure made of trusses spanning double beams on timber columns with triangular brackets. The timber boarded ceiling is partially raked, and has pressed metal rosettes.</p><br>
<p>The five-storeyed 1912 brick building occupies the corner of Brunswick and Wickham Streets. Its facade has continuous piers and arched openings to the first and fourth floors, and is trimmed with rendered concrete sills, lintels and insets. The parapet has a substantial cornice with dentils, and raised portions bearing the name "McWhirters". The Wickham and Warner Streets corner is rounded, and has a castellated parapet and a round window at first floor level. Internally, this 1912 section retains some of its pressed metal ceilings with floral motifs and some column capitals with plaster scrolls, and has an encased steel structure.</p><br>
<p>The four-storeyed 1923 brick building faces Brunswick Street. The facade is similar to the 1912 building facades in materials, with some variation in detailing. The facade has a continuous arched brick spandrel above the third level windows, and a substantial parapet which also bears the McWhirters name. It has a concrete internal structure.</p><br>
<p>The 1930–1931 building facing Brunswick and Wickham Streets is four and five storeys, and matches, with identical detailing, the facades of the 1912 and 1923 sections. The facades are linked with a richly detailed truncated corner with polychrome glazed terracotta tiles integrated with the brickwork. This corner has two continuous brick piers crowned with an arched tiled panel rising above the parapet line, which bears the McWhirter&#39;s monogram "McW" in a Lily of the Valley motif. The windows are spaced with tiled panels in diamond patterns. The corner contains the principal entrance to the building, which is covered by a curved awning with decorative glass insets.</p><br>
<p>The corner entrance doors are set in arched polished black stone surrounds. The entrance foyer is a double-storeyed height space which is finely decorated with white marble panels set in black marble grids, and decorative plasterwork based on diamond and star patterns. Internally, this 1930–1931 section has a concrete-encased steel structure.</p><br>
<p>The entire building is encircled with a stepped metal awning, which has a sheeted soffit on Brunswick Street and a pressed metal soffit with floral motifs on Wickham and Warner Streets. Two sets of timber and etched glass entrance doors have been incorporated into the refurbishment in the 1912 section.</p><br>
<p>The exterior form and detailing of McWhirters remains largely intact, although the ground floor brickwork and openings are mostly new. The building retains its prominence, contributing to the early 20th century commercial character and streetscape of centre Fortitude Valley. Its distinctive corner assumes landmark status. Some fine remnants of the early 20th century department store interiors are visible, including the roof structure of the -1905 building, remains of pressed metal ceilings and column decorations in the 1912 building, and decoration to the entrance hall of the 1930–1931 building.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>McWhirters Marketplace was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The growth of the McWhirters complex is important in demonstrating the pattern and evolution of Queensland&#39;s history, reflecting the late 19th/early 20th century development of Fortitude Valley as a major commercial and shopping centre, which was sustained well into the post-Second World War period. Historically, McWhirters is also significant in providing evidence of the development and nature of early 20th century department stores in Queensland, and of the shopping culture engendered by them.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&apos;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>The 1930–31 building has a finely detailed landmark Art Deco corner demonstrating a rare aspect of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>McWhirters is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a substantial early 20th century department store built in stages, and which employs elements of the facade as advertising and contains remnants of earlier department store decorative detailing in the -05, 1912 and 1930–31 sections.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>McWhirters is of aesthetic value: it is a prominent building which makes a strong contribution to the commercial character and streetscape of centre Fortitude Valley; the fine interwar Art Deco corner is a Brisbane landmark; and the corner entrance foyer contains fine decorative detailing.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>McWhirters at the Valley Corner has a special association for Queenslanders, having symbolised "The Valley" to several generations of local residents and visitors alike.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life and work of James McWhirter and the firm of McWhirter & Son Ltd (later McWhirters Ltd), and with the work of architects Atkinson & McLay and Hall & Phillips. McWhirters also has a special association with the Wunderlich company, the 1930–31 corner facade being a major example of their work in Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The George J. Renner Jr. House is a historic residence in the prestigious Wick Park neighborhood of Youngstown, Ohio, United States. Once home to the city&#39;s wealthiest brewer, it has been named a historic site.</p><br>
<p>George J. Renner Sr. settled in Ohio upon immigrating to the United States in 1848, and soon he began to run breweries in the cities of Akron, Cincinnati, and Mansfield. His son George J. Renner Jr. founded a separate business in 1880, beginning with a brewery in Wooster and expanding to open another operation in Youngstown in 1884. By the beginning of the twentieth century, it was Youngstown&#39;s largest; the year 1907 saw sixty men on the payroll, and the brewery was capable of producing up to one hundred thousand barrels of beer annually.</p><br>
<p>Renner arranged for the construction of the present house in 1907. Built of brick with a tiled roof, it is typical of the homes of Youngstowns commercial élite at the beginning of the century. A grand two-story portico occupies most of the north-facing facade, contributing strongly to the houses Georgian Revival appearance. Paired columns with Ionic capitals support the porch ceiling and the portion of the third story sitting above it, while the side rises to a pedimented third-story gable with a Palladian window. Small flights of steps provide access to the portico and to a smaller porch on the western side.</p><br>
<p>In 1976, the Renner House was listed on the National Register of Historic Places, qualifying because of its historically significant architecture, as it is one of Youngstowns grandest Georgian Revival structures. It sits across Park Avenue from Wick Park proper, and when the park and surrounding neighborhood were listed on the Register in 1990 as a historic district, the Renner House became one of the districts significant contributing properties.</p><br>
<p>The Bheri River is a major tributary of the Karnali River draining the western Dhaulagiri range in western Nepal. It has three important upper tributaries. Sani  Bheri drains southern slopes of this range while Thuli  Bheri drains northern slopes. Another tributary Uttar Ganga drains Dhorpatan Valley to the south of the Dhaulagiris. Downstream, the Bheri flows through Surkhet Valley before joining the Karnali River in the Mahabharat Range or Lesser Himalaya.</p><br>
<p>On December 25, 2007 a suspension bridge collapsed along the river in Chhinchu (Mehelkuna) village. "Scores" of people crossed the 500m steel bridge to get to a local Christmas Day fair. At least 15 people were killed and at least 22 were injured. Most of the killed were women and children. The river supposedly had strong currents.</p><br>
<p>Space Flight Operations Facility  is a control room and related communications equipment areas at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California. NASA&#39;s Deep Space Network is operated from this facility. The SFOF has monitored and controlled all interplanetary and deep space exploration for NASA and other international space agencies since 1963. The facility also acted as a backup communications facility for Apollo missions.</p><br>
<p>It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1985 and is on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>Public tours are available with advanced planning.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In the early years, the operations control center of the Deep Space Network did not have a permanent facility. It was a makeshift setup with numerous desks and phones installed in a large room near the computers used to calculate orbits. In July 1961, NASA started the construction of the permanent facility, Space Flight Operations Facility (SFOF). The facility was completed in October 1963 dedicated on May 14, 1964. In the initial setup of the SFOF, there were 31 consoles, 100 closed-circuit television cameras, and more than 200 television displays to support Ranger 6 to Ranger 9 and Mariner 4.</p><br>
<h2>Current operations</h2><br>
<p>As of 2012, there were 22 spacecraft monitored from this facility. Depending on the operations of the spacecraft, they are scheduled to be online for 1 to 10 hours at a time. Notable is that the facility also processes the signal from Voyager 1 that is sent from about 11 billion miles from Earth. With data feeding into the Space Flight Operations Facility from every NASA spacecraft beyond low earth orbit, including rovers, orbiters, and deep-space probes, there is a plaque in the middle of the room designating the facility "The Center of the Universe."</p><br>
<p>Balsam Lake Mountain is one of the Catskill Mountains, located in the Town of Hardenburgh, New York, United States. It is the westernmost of the range&#39;s 35 High Peaks. Its exact height has not been determined, but the highest contour line on topographic maps, 3,720 ft, is usually given as its elevation.</p><br>
<p>Located within the Balsam Lake Mountain Wild Forest management unit of the Catskill Park Forest Preserve, in the late 19th century its summit became the site of the first fire lookout tower in the state, operated by members of a nearby sportsmens club. It was later taken over by the states conservation agencies, which built several improved towers on the site, one of which remains, along with its accessory buildings and has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places, although it has not been used for fire detection since 1988. The summit is also the site of a rare sphagnum bog that has been affected by acid rain since a mid-20th century windstorm blew down many of the trees sheltering it at the time.</p><br>
<p>The tower and the views it commands, as well as its ease of access by the old truck road to the tower, have made it a popular attraction for hikers despite the mountain&#39;s remote location. Many are peakbaggers aspiring to membership in the Catskill Mountain 3500 Club, for which Balsam Lake is a required peak.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Balsam Lake Mountain is in the middle of a long range beginning at Barkaboom Mountain to the west and extending east to Doubletop Mountain. It rises from a base well over 2,000 ft on the north and south, with cols over 3,000 ft between it and neighboring peaks. Creeks rise in several narrow valleys on all sides, the largest of which is Clark Hollow on the northwest. The steep valley slopes alternate with gentler ridges in between.</p><br>
<p>The summit plateau above 3,600 ft is relatively flat, shaped like a large T pointing north, south, and east. On the west, a steep face drops to a shallow col of 3,140 ft between Balsam Lake Mountain and the neighboring easternmost 3,420 ft summit of Mill Brook Ridge. South of that summit extends 3,460 ft Woodpecker Ridge, which with Balsam Lake Mountain and the connecting ridge forms the narrow valley in which the feeder stream to Balsam Lake, the feature the neighboring mountain is named for, rises. Black Brook flows out of the hollow on the southeast, below a more gradual ridge descending from the summit to a low of 3,340 ft, where it connects to the 3,440 ft and 3,480 ft peaks known unofficially as West and East Schoolhouse mountains between Balsam Lake and 3,868 ft Graham Mountain, the High Peak two miles (3.2 km) to its east.</p><br>
<p>Mill Brook, which gives the mountain to the west its name, rises from the hollow on the northeast. It is joined by an unnamed tributary which flows into it from Clark Hollow. All the streams that rise on Balsam Lake Mountain are part of the Delaware Rivers watershed. Mill Brook on the north slopes feeding that rivers East Branch directly at Pepacton Reservoir, making it part of New York Citys water supply. Water from the southern streams drains into the Beaver Kill not far below the mountain, which itself reaches the East Branch at East Branch well below the reservoirs dam at Downsville.</p><br>
<p>The southern and northwestern portions of the mountain, down to an elevation of 2,100 ft in Clark Hollow, are owned by the state. Its Department of Environmental Conservation (DEC) manages the land as part of the 13,500 acre Balsam Lake Mountain Wild Forest, which stretches across Mill Brook Ridge and circles back to Beaverkill Road around private lands along Beecher Lake and brook. The northern slope, up to 3,600 ft on the summit&#39;s northern spur and 3,400 ft along the fire tower road, is privately owned by the descendants of railroad baron Jay Gould, who grew up in nearby Roxbury.</p><br>
<h2>Flora and fauna</h2><br>
<p>Due to its high base elevations, the lower slopes of the mountain are covered exclusively by a northern hardwood forest of beech, birch and maple, with no oaks or other species found at lower elevations in the Catskills. Much of the mountain remains in first growth, from as low as 2,575 ft in Clark Hollow to 3,250 ft on its north spur. On the south side the mountain is generally in first growth from 2,800 ft up.</p><br>
<p>At higher elevations, above 3,400 ft on the north side but not until 3,600 ft on the south, balsam fir and red spruce begin to appear. The hardwoods, more and more stunted by the harsher conditions at higher elevations, eventually give way to a dense, lower-canopy boreal forest dominated by those two species (primarily the firs) on the summit. Paper birch is the most common deciduous associate, and wood sorrel and moss can be found on the ground.</p><br>
<p>Within the summit forest is a sphagnum bog. It is dominated by peat mosses, mountain holly and balsam fir, with its perimeter surrounded by yellow birch. According to Catskill forest researcher Michael Kudish it is the deepest bog in the Catskills, with the peat going down 24 in to the glacial till it rests on. Radiocarbon dating has shown it to be about 5,500 years old, with balsam fir as dominant around the bog then as it is now.</p><br>
<p>The forests on the mountain support a typical animal community for the Catskills. Black bear and white-tailed deer are the larger mammal species, with rodent and lagomorph species, such as snowshoe hare, lower on the food chain. Beavers have been common over the years, with Kudish finding more evidence of present and past dams and meadows on the slopes of Balsam Lake and its neighboring peaks.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Catskills were formed 250-350 million years ago, during the Devonian and Silurian periods, when the sands and silt that had eroded from the Acadian Mountains to the northeast collected in a river delta at the mouth of the shallow inland sea that is now the Allegheny Plateau. The delta uplifted as a single unit, and gradually streams eroded valleys, creating a dissected plateau. The harder, younger shale and sandstone remains as the mountain summits. Later glaciation made the valleys steeper and smoother.</p><br>
<p>Catskill forest historian Michael Kudish says the Mill Brook Ridge range, including Balsam Lake, is one of the areas in the region showing the fewest signs of human disturbance.</p><br>
<p>The most significant developments in the human history of the mountain took place in 1887. The state bought the southeast slope of the mountain that year for the newly created Forest Preserve, ensuring the land would remain forever wild, always in public ownership and never logged, per a law later added to the state constitution as Article 14. Also that year the Balsam Lake Club decided to erect a crude wooden fire lookout tower on the summit so that an observer could detect fires that threatened the lands around the lake and the headwaters of the Beaver Kill where they hunted and fished. It was the first such lookout tower built in New York State.</p><br>
<p>Two years later, the state bought more of the mountain, and eventually acquired the summit itself in 1900.</p><br>
<p>Eight years later, in 1909, the state&#39;s Forest, Fish and Game Commission took over the fire tower; a decade later it built the first cabin and replaced it with the steel tower that stands today.</p><br>
<p>The Great Appalachian Storm of November 1950 took a heavy toll on the summit balsam firs. Blowdown was extensive in both the bog and non-bog areas. The trees that remained standing died more rapidly due to the exposure.</p><br>
<p>After a series of severe droughts and fires in the early 1960s that led to some temporary closings of the Forest Preserve. fires and the damage they caused declined due to an increase in public awareness of forest fire danger and the decline in activities that caused them. Manned fire towers became less essential; the state began closing them down and dismantling them in favor of more cost-effective aerial surveillance.</p><br>
<p>In 1976 the Balsam Lake Club donated 3,615 acre to the Catskill Center for Conservation and Development, keeping all but the immediate shoreline of the lake itself. Three years later, the Catskill Center in turn sold the land to the state, putting most of the mountain in public ownership. When the first Catskill State Land Master Plan was drafted and implemented in the mid-1980s, the 13,500 acre contiguous tract that stretched from Balsam Lake Mountain to Alder Lake over Mill Brook Ridge was designated as the Balsam Lake Mountain Wild Forest, a land classification slightly less restrictive than a wilderness area allowing for state vehicular use of the road up the mountain.</p><br>
<p>The fire tower remained manned until 1988, one of the last to be closed. Hikers continued to climb it for the views, even though it was no longer maintained. A proposal by the state Department of Environmental Conservation to dismantle the Red Hill fire tower in nearby Denning led to a community effort to save and restore the five remaining towers in the Catskill Park. In conjunction with that effort, the new Mill Brook Ridge Trail was built from Alder Lake in the west across that mountain&#39;s two eastern summits to Balsam Lake, to connect the trail system on the hills above Pepacton Reservoir to the central Catskill trail system and provide another link in the Finger Lakes Trail.</p><br>
<h2>Access</h2><br>
<p>Trails extend to the summit of the mountain from three directions — north, south and west. All approaches eventually put the hiker on the Balsam Lake Mountain Trail (BLMT), the 1.6 mi loop route over the summit, which follows the jeep road to the north but is a footpath to its south. Two use the Dry Brook Ridge Trail (DBRT), which it connects to at either end.</p><br>
<p>The most frequently used approach starts at Mill Brook Road and follows the old jeep road to the fire tower. At 2,580 ft, the road&#39;s intersection with the DBRT is the highest trailhead in the Catskills. From there it is 2.75 mi and 1,120 ft to the summit.</p><br>
<p>From the south, at the end of Beaver Kill Road, the approach is shorter but steeper. The DBRT leads north 0.9 mi to the south end of the BLMT. From there it is another 0.85 mi to the summit, past the lean-to and spring. This route&#39;s total distance of 1.75 mi climbs 1,200 ft.</p><br>
<p>In 1998, these approaches were joined by the new Mill Brook Ridge Trail, which allows for an ambitious 6.7 mi approach from the Alder Lake trailhead to the west north of Turnwood. The trail goes over Mill Brook Ridge&#39;s two eastern summits, descends into the col between it and Balsam Lake and then climbs to the BLMT just south of the summit. The total ascent is 1,520 ft.</p><br>
<p>Hikers often combine a climb of Balsam Lake with neighboring Graham, reachable by an old road that branches to the west off the DBRT 750 ft north of the northern BLMT junction.</p><br>
<p>DEC regulations forbid camping above 3,500 ft on the mountain except during winter. There is a lean-to and a spring on a spur trail just below that elevation on the south side. Campers may also use any location more than 150 feet (50 m) from a trail or body of water.</p><br>
<p>Protokklisi  is a village and a community in the central part of the Evros regional unit in Greece. Protoklissi is in the municipal unit of Orfeas. In 2001 its population was 260 for the village and 790 for the community, including the village Agriani. Protokklisi is located about 15 km northwest of Soufli, in the valley of a right tributary of the river Evros.</p><br>
<h2>Population</h2><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The name of the village during the Ottoman rule was Bashklise (Başkilise in Turkish, Башклисе Bašklise in Bulgarian). In 1830, it had 100 Bulgarian families, in 1878 and 1912 the village had 105 Bulgarian families. According to professor Lyubomir Miletich, the 1912 population contained 100 Bulgarian families.</p><br>
<p>After a brief period of Bulgarian rule between 1913 and 1919, it became part of Greece. As a result its Bulgarian population was exchanged with Greek refugees, mainly from today&#39;s Turkey.</p><br>
<h2>People</h2><br>
<p>Pano Angelov (Пано Ангелов, 1879–1903), Bulgarian revolutionary leader</p><br>
<p>Cloister Inn is one of the undergraduate eating clubs at Princeton University in Princeton, New Jersey, United States.</p><br>
<p>Founded in 1912, Cloister occupies a neo-Gothic building on Prospect Avenue, between Cap and Gown Club and Charter Club. Cloister closed temporarily in 1972, becoming open to all Princeton alumni, before reopening as an undergraduate club in 1977. The club is "sign-in", meaning that it selects its members from a lottery process rather than the bicker process used by several of the eating clubs. Cloister typically attracts an athletic crowd and its members often include a number of Olympians. The official motto of the club is “Where everybody knows your name”.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Cloister Inn was founded in 1912. The present building was constructed in 1924.</p><br>
<p>Cloister received mention in Ian Caldwell and Dustin Thomason&#39;s 2004 bestselling novel The Rule of Four. Caldwell, a 1998 graduate of Princeton, was a member of Cloister.</p><br>
<h2>Notable alumni</h2><br>
<h3>Business</h3><br>
<p>Robert Briskman &#39;54, co-founder of Sirius Satellite Radio and Technical Executive of Sirius XM Radio</p><br>
<p>Tad Smith 87, chief executive of Sothebys</p><br>
<h3>Literature and the arts</h3><br>
<p>Craig Mazin &#39;92, screenwriter and director</p><br>
<p>Ian Caldwell &#39;98, co-author of the bestselling novel The Rule of Four, which was set at Princeton and includes several scenes that take place at Cloister</p><br>
<p>Nicholas Confessore &#39;98, political correspondent for The New York Times</p><br>
<h3>Politics, government, and public affairs</h3><br>
<p>Anne-Marie Slaughter &#39;80, president and CEO of the New America Foundation and former Director of Policy Planning for the USA State Department</p><br>
<p>Eliot Spitzer &#39;81, former New York governor</p><br>
<p>Elena Kagan &#39;81, United States Supreme Court justice</p><br>
<p>Nan Hayworth 81, former USA Representative for New Yorks 19th congressional district</p><br>
<p>Chris Lu &#39;88, United States Deputy Secretary of Labor</p><br>
<p>Nuala OConnor 89, current president of the Center for Democracy and Technology and inaugural Chief Privacy Officer for the US Department of Homeland Security</p><br>
<p>Charles W. Yost &#39;28, USA Ambassador to Laos, Syria, Morocco, and USA Ambassador to the United Nations</p><br>
<h3>Sport</h3><br>
<p>Frank Anger &#39;61, member of the United States team in Fencing at the Summer Olympics in Tokyo in 1962</p><br>
<p>Derek Bouchard-Hall 92, former professional cyclist, competitor in the mens team pursuit in Cycling at the 2000 Summer Olympics, and current CEO and president of USA Cycling</p><br>
<p>Danika Holbrook 95, competitor for the United States in Rowing at the 2004 Summer Olympics - Womens quadruple sculls</p><br>
<p>Morgan Crooks &#39;98, competitor for Canada in Rowing at the 2000 Summer Olympics</p><br>
<p>Chris Ahrens 98, gold medalist in the Mens Eights event in Rowing at the 2004 Summer Olympics</p><br>
<p>Thomas Herschmiller &#39;01, silver medalist for Canada in Rowing at the 2004 Summer Olympics</p><br>
<p>Paul Teti &#39;01, three-time member of the United States Olympic rowing team</p><br>
<p>Lia Pernell &#39;03, competitor for the United States in Rowing at the 2008 Summer Olympics</p><br>
<p>Juan Pablo Valdivieso 04, two-time member of Perus Olympic swimming team</p><br>
<p>Samuel Loch &#39;06, Australian rower who competed in the 2008 Summer Olympics and 2012 Summer Olympics</p><br>
<p>Steven Coppola 06, bronze medalist for the United States in Rowing at the 2008 Summer Olympics - Mens eight</p><br>
<p>Caroline Lind 06, two-time Olympic gold medalist for the United States in Womens rowing</p><br>
<p>Genevra Stone 07, six-time winner of the womens championship singles event at Head of the Charles Regatta and competitor for the United States in Rowing at the 2012 Summer Olympics - Women&#39;s single sculls</p><br>
<p>Glenn Ochal 08, bronze medalist for the United States in Rowing at the 2012 Summer Olympics - Mens coxless four</p><br>
<p>Douglas Lennox-Silva &#39;09, swimmer who represented Puerto Rico in the 2008 Summer Olympics</p><br>
<p>Grant Wentworth &#39;09, record holder in open water swimming for the solo swim from Cape Cod to Nantucket</p><br>
<p>Sara Hendershot &#39;10, representative of the United States in Rowing at the 2012 Summer Olympics</p><br>
<p>Robin Prendes 11, representative of the United States in Rowing at the 2012 Summer Olympics in the mens coxless four</p><br>
<p>Bryan Tay 12, Singapores sole representative in men&#39;s Swimming at the 2008 Summer Olympics</p><br>
<p>Susie Scanlan &#39;14, American epee fencer who won a bronze medal in the 2012 Summer Olympics</p><br>
<p>The Cherokee Female Seminary, , serves as the centerpiece of Northeastern State University, located in Tahlequah, Oklahoma, United States. The building was constructed to replace the original Cherokee Female Seminary that burnt to the ground Easter Sunday 1887. The Cherokee Council chose to rebuild the school on a 40 acre site north of Tahlequah, near Hendricks Spring. Two years later, on May 7, 1889, the dedication ceremonies were held in honor of the new building. The Female Seminary was owned and operated by the Cherokee Nation until March 6, 1909 when the State Legislature of Oklahoma passed an act providing for the creation and location of Northeastern State Normal School at Tahlequah, Oklahoma, and for the purchase form the Cherokee Tribal Government of the building, land, and equipment of the Cherokee Female Seminary. At the start of the next academic year, on September 14, the first classes were held at the newly created Northeastern State Normal School, now Northeastern State University.</p><br>
<p>Female seminaries were a larger cultural movement across the United States in the mid-nineteenth century, by which time they had taken over the role played traditionally by the boarding school, which had offered a more family-like atmosphere.</p><br>
<h2>Northeastern State University</h2><br>
<p>Seminary Hall is the oldest building on NSU&#39;s campus and in 1994 the building was completely restored. The building now houses classrooms along with academic and faculty offices. It was the first campus classroom building wired for multimedia instruction. At the main entrance of the building is featured three Indian murals painted in the 1930s as a WPA project by Kiowa artists Stephen Mopope and Jack Hokeah and Pawnee artist Albin Jake.</p><br>
<p>Rabbit Lake  is a lake in the Temagami region of Northeastern Ontario, Canada, and lies within the townships of Askin, Riddell, and Eldridge. The lake is the largest and southernmost in a chain of lakes including Cassels Lake, Snake Island Lake, and Obashkong Lake. Rabbit Lake was an important trade route to the Natives, and even saw a fight or two. There is a story about a short fight involving Temagami natives and Iroquois. The story goes that there were some Iroquois camping on an island on the lake, and at night some "Temagami&#39;s" went ashore and slit the bottoms of their canoes. The next morning the Iroquois were picked off one by one as their canoes sank in the water.</p><br>
<p>The forest surrounding the lake has been actively logged since the early 20th century, and is most noticeable north of Rabbit Point where the forest still has not fully grown back after nearly a century. On the western shore just north of Rabbit Point, lies a 491 hectare area that has never been touched by logging, and has become the Rabbit Lake West Conservation Reserve. The reserve is the least known and the most untouched of its kind in Ontario. This old growth stand is closer to the original Temagami Boreal forest than even the White Bear Forest to the north. Like the other lakes in the region, Rabbit Lake is an oligotrophic ecosystem. While the fish population has steadily declined over the years, the lake is still home to pike, walleye, trout, whitefish, perch, bass, etc.</p><br>
<p>Hollywood has also visited the lake when scenes from the James Cagney movie "Captains of the Clouds" were filmed at Matabitchuan Lodge, a wilderness lodge in the north-east bay, on Rabbit Lake. Props from the movie can be seen on display in the lodge. This movie was also the first Hollywood movie to be filmed entirely on location in Canada.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The lands surrounding the lake are part of the Canadian Shield, the largest single exposure of Precambrian rocks in the world which were formed after the Earth&#39;s crust cooled. The hills in the Temagami area are remnants of the oldest mountain range in North America that date back during the Precambrian era. These heavily eroded mountains would have rivaled the Himalayas in grandeur. The uplifting was accomplished as enormous pressure caused the earth to buckle in a process called folding. Other processes, such as volcanic activity and geologic faulting in which the earth cracks open also contributed to the formation of these mountains. Over millions of years, these enormous mountains were gradually eroded to the land we know today in Temagami. While Rabbit Lake is a fairly quiet lake dotted with cottages, the forest is continually logged and the threat of mining is looming ever closer with the discovery of kimberlite, a volcanic rock notable as a diamond indicator. This in turn forms part of the Temagami Greenstone Belt, an Archean greenstone belt characterized by felsic-mafic volcanic rocks.</p><br>
<p>Quinn Chapel AME Church is a historic African Methodist Episcopal Church building located at 227 Bowen Street in the Carondelet section of St. Louis, Missouri, in the United States. Built in 1869 as the North Public Market, it was acquired by the church in 1880.</p><br>
<p>On October 16, 1974, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>Its current pastor is Rev. Lori K. Beason.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Carondelet AME Church, which had been founded in 1845, bought the North Public Market in 1880 from the city of St. Louis and converted it for use as a church. The market, built in 1869 by the then city of Carondolet, had passed to the city of St. Louis in 1870 when it annexed Carondolet. In 1882 the church&#39;s name was changed to Quinn Chapel in memory of William Paul Quinn, the fourth bishop of the AME Church.</p><br>
<h2>Current use</h2><br>
<p>Quinn Chapel is still an active AME Church. Its current pastor is the Rev. Lori K. Beason.</p><br>
<p>Yeoman Hey Reservoir is a reservoir in the English Peak District. On its margin is a commemorative stone laid by the King of Tonga in 1981. The reservoir is within the boundaries of Greater Manchester but was formerly in the West Riding of Yorkshire. It is one of three reservoirs in the same valley: above it is Greenfield Reservoir, and adjacent to and below it is Dovestone Reservoir. The reservoirs lie to the south of the A635 road across Saddleworth Moor. To the west, below the reservoirs, is the village of Greenfield.</p><br>
<p>The reservoir scheme in the Greenfield and Chew Valleys by the Ashton Stalybridge and Dukinfield Waterworks Joint Committee commenced in 1870. Yeoman Hey was completed in 1880. Yeoman Hey and the valley&#39;s other reservoirs are owned by United Utilities.</p><br>
<p>Ashford Reservoir is a small reservoir on the eastern side of the Quantock Hills near the villages of Charlynch and Spaxton in Somerset, England.</p><br>
<p>It was constructed 1934 as a water supply reservoir for Bridgwater.</p><br>
<p>Originally the reservoir was contained by a small embankment dam.</p><br>
<p>In 2009 the banks were removed and replaced by a concrete wall that could contain 45,000,000 l of water.</p><br>
<p>The reservoir collects the water of Peart Water which is also dammed at Hawkridge Reservoir.</p><br>
<p>Below the reservoir the Peart Water joins the Currypool stream to form the Cannington Brook.</p><br>
<p>Fishing is allowed and catches include; Bream, Perch and Roach.</p><br>
<p>The water treatment centre provides educational opportunities.</p><br>
